Detection of depression in low resource settings: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and cultural concepts of distress in Nepal

Table 4 Item-Level Comparisons for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Nepali Items, n = 125

Item	Non-depressed (CIDI negative)		Depressed (CIDI positive)		T-test	Adjusted p-value*	Corrected Item-Total Correlation	Positive Likelihood Ratio
Item	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev	T-test	Adjusted p-value*	Corrected Item-Total Correlation	Positive Likelihood Ratio
1. Anhedonia	1.00	0.96	2.06	1.09	4.16	<.001	0.54	1.34
2. Depressed mood	0.85	0.84	2.24	0.97	6.18	<.001	0.68	1.49
3. Sleep difficulties	0.72	0.77	1.53	0.87	3.94	<.001	0.56	1.59
4. Fatigue	1.11	0.89	2.29	0.92	5.07	<.001	0.56	1.33
5. Appetite problems	0.73	0.87	1.53	1.00	3.44	0.01	0.37	1.62
6. Blaming oneself; damaging family’s social status	0.58	0.81	1.65	1.17	3.62	0.02	0.54	1.89
7. Concentration difficulties	0.66	0.71	2.12	1.05	5.52	<.001	0.68	1.72
8. Psychomotor agitation or retardation	0.55	0.76	1.65	0.99	5.24	<.001	0.55	2.03
9. Suicidality	0.32	0.59	1.53	1.18	4.14	0.01	0.57	3.07

* p-value corrected for 9 tests using Bonferroni-type corrections. Adjusted p-values are only presented for those items with significant unadjusted p-values

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