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Table 1 Characteristics of people with T2DM by clinically relevant depression, NHANES 2005–2012

From: Depression among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005–2012

 

Non-CRD

CRD

Overall

N, participants (%)

1926 (88.3)

256 (11.7)

2182 (100.0)

Frequency, weighteda (%)

13,520,141(89.4)

1,597,475(10.6)

15,117,616 (100.0)

Age group, %

   

 30–49 years

15.4

27.5

16.6

 50–64 years

38.1

43.7

38.7

 65–74 years

26.7

18.8

25.8

  ≥ 75 years

19.9

10.0

18.8

Sex, %

   

 Male

50.8

30.7

48.7

 Female

49.2

69.3

51.3

Race, %

   

 Non-Hispanic white

61.1

54.6

60.4

 Non-Hispanic black

17.3

21.6

17.8

 Mexican and other Hispanic

12.9

19.9

13.6

 Other

8.7

3.9

8.2

Ratio of family income to poverty level ≤ 1.3, %

20.8

52.1

24.1

Marital status, single or living alone, %

36.3

54.5

38.3

Education, %

   

 College or above

47.2

31.6

45.5

 High school graduate

25.3

22.6

25.0

 Below high school

27.5

45.8

29.4

Smoking

   

 Non-smoker

51.0

39.3

49.8

 Past

36.0

28.5

35.2

 Current

13.0

32.2

15.0

Alcohol

   

 Non-drinker

42.4

49.4

43.2

 Above moderate level

16.0

21.2

16.6

 Moderate drinking

41.5

29.4

40.2

Marijuana, ever use, %

16.5

28.9

17.8

Physical activity level met guidelines,b %

43.1

26.7

41.4

Cardiovascular diseases

28.0

36.4

28.8

Diabetic retinopathy

18.0

25.4

18.8

Hypertension

81.7

81.5

81.7

Liver diseases

4.1

7.7

4.5

Cancer

17.4

18.5

17.5

Weak/failing kidneysc

7.3

12.2

7.8

Overnight hospitalization in the past year, %

20.5

44.0

23.0

My health in general is, %

   

 Excellent, very good

16.3

2.5

14.8

 Good/Fair

69.6

65.2

69.1

 Poor

6.5

32.4

9.2

 Missing

7.7

0.0

6.9

Hours of sleep per day, %

   

  < =5 h

16.2

38.5

18.6

 6-8 h

74.1

50.7

71.6

  > =9 h

9.1

9.9

9.2

 Missing

0.5

1.0

0.6

Self-reported having trouble sleep, %

33.8

65.2

37.1

Told by doctor having sleep disorders, %

15.7

29.9

17.2

Age at diabetes diagnosis, years

   

 Mean (s.e.)

52.6 (0.4)

48.9 (0.9)

52.2 (0.4)

 Categories, %

   

  < 50

41.6

55.6

43.0

  50–69

47.9

38.3

46.8

  > =70

9.8

4.8

9.3

  Missing

0.8

1.3

0.8

Duration of diabetes

   

 Mean (s.e.)

10.0 (0.2)

8.9 (0.7)

9.9 (0.2)

 Categories, %

   

  < 5 years

30.8

28.3

30.5

  5–9 years

23.9

29.9

24.5

  > =10 years

44.5

40.6

44.1

  Missing

0.8

1.3

0.8

HbA1c, %

   

 Mean (s.e.)

7.3 (0.1)

7.4 (0.2)

7.3 (0.1)

 Categories, %

   

  < 6.5 %

34.8

34.0

34.7

  6.5- < 7.5 %

29.1

25.3

28.7

  7.5–8.9 %

18.9

17.9

18.8

  > =9 %

13.0

13.4

13.0

  Missing

4.2

9.5

4.7

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

   

 Mean (s.e.)

182.0 (1.6)

193.1 (3.7)

183.1 (1.5)

 Categories

   

  > 0 and <200

65.8

49.8

64.1

  > =200

27.9

39.9

29.2

  Missing

6.3

10.3

6.7

LDL cholesterol(mg/dl)

   

 Mean (s.e.)

98.1 (1.4)

108.4 (4.1)

99.0 (1.4)

 Categories

   

  > 0 and <100

52.7

44.9

52.0

  > =100

39.4

48.5

40.2

  Missing

7.9

6.6

7.8

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

   

 Male and female, mean (s.e.)

47.8 (0.4)

45.8 (1.1)

47.6 (0.4)

 Male, mean (s.e.)

44.2 (0.5)

41.2 (2.0)

44.0 (0.5)

 Female, mean (s.e.)

51.7 (0.7)

48.0 (1.2)

51.2 (0.7)

 Categories, %

   

  Male > 40 and female > 50

49.7

36.9

48.4

  Male < =40 and female < =50

43.9

52.8

44.9

  Missing

6.3

10.3

6.7

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

   

 Mean (s.e.)

176.3 (9.8)

180.1 (14.0)

176.6 (9.4)

 Categories

   

  > 0 and <150

55.6

46.3

54.8

  > =150

41.8

50.4

42.6

  Missing

2.5

3.3

2.6

Blood pressure (BP), mmHg

   

 SBP, mean (s.e.)

130.6 (0.6)

128.6 (1.4)

130.4 (0.5)

 DBP, mean (s.e)

68.4 (0.5)

70.7 (1.0)

68.6 (0.4)

 SBP < 140, DBP < 90

67.1

72.3

67.5

 Missing

4.9

2.3

4.6

Medications

   

 Insulin, %

27.0

24.7

26.8

 Sulfonylureas, %

35.8

27.0

34.8

 THIAZOLIDINEDIONES, %

17.5

14.3

17.1

 Meglitinides, %

2.0

0.2

1.8

 DPP-4 INHIBITORS, %

7.6

1.4

6.9

 GLP-1 AGONISTS, %

1.5

1.8

1.5

 Metformin, %

52.2

59.7

53.0

 Any antihyperglycemic agents

88.1

87.3

88.0

 Antihypertensives, %

76.7

76.0

76.6

 Statins, %

54.3

52.0

54.1

Body mass index, kg/m2

   

 Mean (s.e.)

32.5 (0.3)

35.5 (0.6)

32.8 (0.2)

 Categories, %

   

  < 25

13.9

8.2

13.3

  25- < 30

26.7

11.0

25.0

  30- < 35

27.4

37.1

28.5

  35+

31.9

43.7

33.2

  Missing

0.1

0.0

0.1

Waist-to-height ratio, mean (s.e.)

0.659 (0.004)

0.699 (0.007)

0.663 (0.003)

 Categories, %

   

  0.3- < 0.5

2.4

1.4

2.3

  0.5- < 0.7

62.6

48.4

61.1

  ≥ 0.7

26.8

40.2

28.2

  Missing

8.3

10.0

8.5

  1. Values are % unless stated otherwise, percentages may not add up exactly to 100 due to rounding
  2. CRD clinically relevant depression, defined by PHQ-9 score ≥ 10; S.e. = standard error
  3. aThere were 466 participants (=2,648-2,182) who reported having diagnosed diabetes but were not included in this analysis (due to presumed type 1 diabetes or non-participation in the MEC exams), representing 3,653,851 (=18,771,467-15,117,616) people with diabetes in the US civilian, non-institutionalized population
  4. bPhysical activity level evaluated according to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans [36]
  5. cA “yes” answer to “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have weak or failing kidneys (excluding kidney stones, bladder infections, or incontinence)?”