Variables | Depression status | Univariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Depressed (PHQ 9 ≥ 5) n/% | Not depressed (PHQ 9 ≤ 4) n/% | p-Value | OR(95 % CI) | |
Diabetes treatment | ||||
Insulin plus oral hypoglycemic | 15/50 | 15/50 | 0.93 | 1.0(0.5, 2.3) |
Oral hypoglycemic | 43/37.7 | 71/62.3 | 0.09 | 0.6(0.4, 1.1) |
Cardiovascular disease | 69/48.9 | 72/51.1 | 0.14 | 1.5(1.0, 2.4) |
Other co-morbid disease | 40/50 | 40/50 | 0.25 | 1.3(0.8, 2.3) |
Diabetic retinopathy | 69/49.3 | 71/50.7 | 0.11 | 1.5(0.9, 2.4) |
Diabetic nephropathy | 44/63.8 | 25/36.2 | 0.000 | 3.0(1.6, 5.1) |
Diabetic neuropathy | 45/54.2 | 38/45.8 | 0.03 | 1.8(1.0, 3.0) |
Sexual dysfunction | 22/31.9 | 47/68.1 | 0.01 | 0.5(0.3, 0.8) |
Duration of diabetes, 9–16 years | 46/47.9 | 50/52.1 | 0.37 | 1.3(0.7, 2.3) |
Duration of diabetes treatment, 9–16 years | 43/46.2 | 50/53.8 | 0.63 | 1.2(0.6, 2.0) |
Fasting blood sugar ≥127 mg/dl | 84/47.2 | 94/52.8 | 0.13 | 1.3(0.6, 2.7) |
Body mass index (kg/m2 ) | ||||
25.0–29.9 | 50/51 | 48/49 | 0.02 | 1.8(1.1, 3.1) |
≥30 | 20/58.8 | 14/41.2 | 0.02 | 2.5(1.2, 5.4) |
Number of co-morbidity, | ||||
1–2 | 66/42.6 | 89/57.4 | 0.81 | 1.1(0.6, 1.8) |
≥3 | 18/69.2 | 8/30.8 | 0.01 | 3.2(1.3, 8.3) |
Pill burden | ||||
5–6 pills | 47/41.6 | 66/58.4 | 0.85 | 1.1(0.6, 1.9) |
≥7 pills | 40/54.1 | 34/45.9 | 0.09 | 1.8(0.9, 3.3) |
Number of diabetic complication | ||||
1–2 | 72/48.7 | 76/51.3 | 0.04 | 2.0(1.0, 3.4) |
≥3 | 27/50 | 27/50 | 0.15 | 1.7(0.8, 3.7) |
Physical disability | 63/47.7 | 69/52.3 | 0.32 | 1.3(0.8, 2.1) |