Goldberg D, Huxley P. Common mental disorders: a biosocial model. London: Tavistock/Routledge; 1992.
Google Scholar
Risal A. Common mental disorders. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2011;9(35):213–7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jacobi F, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Beghi E, et al. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(10):718–79.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(9995):743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4.
Article
Google Scholar
Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, et al. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):476–93. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu038.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(9):655–79. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phua HP, Chua AV, Ma S, Heng D, Chew SK. Singapore’s burden of disease and injury 2004. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(5):468–78.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mirza I, Jenkins R. Risk factors, prevalence, and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in Pakistan: systematic review. BMJ. 2004;328(7443):794. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7443.794.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):617–27. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Khan H, Kalia S, Itrat A, Khan A, Kamal M, Khan MA, et al. Prevalence and demographics of anxiety disorders: a snapshot from a community health centre in Pakistan. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2007;6:30. doi:10.1186/1744-859x-6-30.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel V, Pereira J, Coutinho L, Fernandes R, Fernandes J, Mann A. Poverty, psychological disorder and disability in primary care attenders in Goa, India. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:533–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kohrt BA, Worthman CM. Gender and anxiety in Nepal: the role of social support, stressful life events, and structural violence. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2009;15(3):237–48. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00096.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kohrt BA, Hruschka DJ, Worthman CM, Kunz RD, Baldwin JL, Upadhaya N, et al. Political violence and mental health in Nepal: prospective study. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201(4):268–75. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096222.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Luitel NP, Jordans MJ, Sapkota RP, Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Thapa SB, et al. Conflict and mental health: a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Nepal. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(2):183–93. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0539-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jonas JB, Nangia V, Rietschel M, Paul T, Behere P, Panda-Jonas S. Prevalence of depression, suicidal ideation, alcohol intake and nicotine consumption in rural Central India. The Central India Eye and Medical Study. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113550. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113550.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ahmadvand A, Sepehrmanesh Z, Ghoreishi FS, Afshinmajd S. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population of Kashan, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2012;15(4):205-9. doi:012154/aim.006.
Risal A, Manandhar K, Linde M, Koju R, Steiner TJ, Holen A. Reliability and Validity of a Nepali-language Version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2015;50(2):115–24.
Google Scholar
Razzouk D, Sharan P, Gallo C, Gureje O, Lamberte EE, de Jesus MJ, et al. Scarcity and inequity of mental health research resources in low-and-middle income countries: a global survey. Health Policy. 2010;94(3):211–20. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.09.009.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
The World Bank Data-Country and Lending groups. 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups. Accessed 28 Oct 2015.
Risal A, Manandhar K, Steiner TJ, Holen A, Koju R, Linde M. Estimating prevalence and burden of major disorders of the brain in Nepal: cultural, geographic, logistic and philosophical issues of methodology. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):51. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-51.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Manandhar K, Risal A, Steiner TJ, Holen A, Koju R, Linde M. Estimating the prevalence and burden of major disorders of the brain in Nepal: methodology of a nationwide population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):52. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Manandhar K, Risal A, Steiner TJ, Holen A, Linde M. The prevalence of primary headache disorders in Nepal: a nationwide population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):95. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0580-y.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Manandhar K, Risal A, Linde M, Steiner TJ. The burden of headache disorders in Nepal: estimates from a population-based survey. J Headache Pain. 2015;17(1):3. doi:10.1186/s10194-016-0594-0.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manandhar K, Risal A, Linde M, Koju R, Steiner TJ, Holen A. Measuring neuroticism in Nepali: Reliability and validity of the Neuroticism Subscale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2015;50(2):156–61.
Google Scholar
Eysenck SBG, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P. A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Person Individ Difl. 1985;6(1):21–9.
Article
Google Scholar
The WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46:1569–85.
Article
Google Scholar
Steiner TJ, Gururaj G, Andree C, Katsarava Z, Ayzenberg I, Yu S-Y, et al. Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire. J Headache Pain. 2014;15:3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stovner LJ, Al Jumah M, Birbeck GL, Gururaj G, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, et al. The methodology of population surveys of headache prevalence, burden and cost: Principles and recommendations from the Global Campaign against Headache. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):5. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Govenment of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, Population Division. Nepal Population Report 2011. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population, Population Division; 2011.
Google Scholar
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–72. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy Weight - it’s not a diet, it’s a lifestyle! [database on the Internet] 2014. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/. Accessed: 28 Oct 2015
Ferrari AJ, Somerville AJ, Baxter AJ, Norman R, Patten SB, Vos T, et al. Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychol Med. 2013;43(3):471–81. doi:10.1017/s0033291712001511.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med. 2013;43(5):897–910. doi:10.1017/s003329171200147x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, Lee S, Ormel J, et al. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(1):23–33.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, de Girolamo G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Med. 2011;9:90. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-90.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.) 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
Google Scholar
Shen YC, Zhang MY, Huang YQ, He YL, Liu ZR, Cheng H, et al. Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in metropolitan China. Psychol Med. 2006;36(2):257–67. doi:10.1017/s0033291705006367.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahmedani BK, Kubiak SP, Kessler RC, de Graaf R, Alonso J, Bruffaerts R, et al. Embarrassment when illness strikes a close relative: a World Mental Health Survey Consortium Multi-Site Study. Psychol Med. 2013;43(10):2191–202. doi:10.1017/s003329171200298x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hecht H, von Zerssen D, Wittchen HU. Anxiety and depression in a community sample: the influence of comorbidity on social functioning. J Affect Disord. 1990;18(2):137–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wong CK, Liang J, Chan ML, Chan YH, Chan L, Wan KY, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of depressive symptoms in urban Chinese women during midlife. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e110877. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110877.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel V, Kirkwood BR, Pednekar S, Pereira B, Barros P, Fernandes J, et al. Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorders in women: a community survey in India. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(4):404–13. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.404.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Trivedi JK, Sareen H, Dhyani M. Rapid urbanization - Its impact on mental health: A South Asian perspective. Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(3):161–5. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.43623.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Jordans MJ, Thapa SB, Pettigrew J, Upadhaya N, et al. Political violence and mental health: a multi-disciplinary review of the literature on Nepal. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):35–44. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.037.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weich S, Twigg L, Lewis G. Rural/non-rural differences in rates of common mental disorders in Britain: prospective multilevel cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;188:51–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.008714.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) [Nepal], New ERA, and ICF International Inc. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International, Calverton, Maryland; 2012.
Google Scholar
Arregui A. Is depression more frequent in the altitude? A pilot study. Rev Med Hered. 1995;6:182–6.
Google Scholar
Arregui A, Cabrera J, Leon-Velarde F, Vizcarra D, Umeres H, Acosta R, et al. Chronic mountain sickness, migraine and depression: Causal or fortuitous coexistence? Possible role of hypoxic environment. Rev Med Hered. 1995;6:163–7.
Google Scholar
DelMastro K, Hellem T, Kim N, Kondo D, Sung YH, Renshaw PF. Incidence of major depressive episode correlates with elevation of substate region of residence. J Affect Disord. 2011;129(1-3):376–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.001.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dong JQ, Zhang JH, Qin J, Li QN, Huang W, Gao XB et al. Anxiety correlates with somatic symptoms and sleep status at high altitudes. Physiol Behav. 2013;112-113:23-31. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.001.
Basnyat B, Litch JA. Medical problems of porters and trekkers in the Nepal Himalaya. Wilderness Environ Med. 1997;8(2):78–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Alcoholand Health 2014. WHO, Geneva. 2014. WHO, Geneva. 2014. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/profiles/npl.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 11 Apr 2016.
Shrestha P. Policy initiatives for drug control in Nepal. Health. 2011;2(2):66–8.
Google Scholar
Silverstein B. Gender differences in the prevalence of somatic versus pure depression: a replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(6):1051–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patel V, Araya R, de Lima M, Ludermir A, Todd C. Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49(11):1461–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar