Table 2 Maximum likelihood estimates of the first SEM

Harsh discipline

 Physical discipline

1.37

0.30

.82

4.63***

 Emotional discipline

1.00

-

.70

-

Internalizing problems

 Harsh discipline

1.45

0.33

.50

4.35***

 Emotional symptoms (SDQ)

1.00

-

.62

-

 Peer problems (SDQ)

0.52

0.09

.45

5.64***

 Depressive symptoms (CDI)

1.91

0.32

.61

5.99***

Working memory

 Harsh discipline

−2.23

2.19

-.08

−1.02

 Block-Tapping test forward

1.00

-

.83

-

 Block-Tapping test backward

0.92

0.20

.71

4.59***

School performance

 Harsh discipline

−0.01

0.09

-.01

−0.12

 Working memory

0.01

0.03

.31

3.80***

 School grades English

1.22

0.11

.74

10.97***

 School grades Mathematics

1.14

0.11

.70

10.56***

 School grades Swahili

1.00

-

.61

-

 School grades Science

1.35

0.12

.83

11.51***