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Table 3 Association between loneliness and psychological and somatic symptoms among Czech, Russian and U.S. adolescents

From: Loneliness and its association with psychological and somatic health problems among Czech, Russian and U.S. adolescents

  

Czech Republic

Russia

U.S.

  

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Outcome

Loneliness

Adj. OR (95 %CI)a

Adj. OR (95 %CI)a

Adj. OR (95 %CI)a

Adj. OR (95 %CI)a

Adj. OR (95 %CI)a

Adj. OR (95 %CI)a

Psychological symptomsb

       

Depressive symptoms

Yes vs. No

10.65 (6.84–16.56)***

24.86 (13.00–47.51)***

10.71 (7.43–15.44)***

14.37 (9.83–21.02)***

40.13 (19.49–82.59)***

22.53 (10.49–48.39)***

Depressive symptoms

Yes vs. No

8.04 (5.22–12.39)***

18.27 (9.62–34.70)***

13.51 (8.85–20.63)***

14.90 (10.41–21.32)***

40.13 (19.49–82.59)***

22.53 (10.49–48.39)***

(country-specific cut-off)

       

Anxiety symptoms

Yes vs. No

2.98 (1.91–4.64)***

2.68 (1.30–5.51)**

1.66 (1.04–2.64)*

1.63 (1.07–2.48)*

2.98 (2.10–4.25)***

5.49 (3.41–8.82)***

Anxiety symptoms

Yes vs. No

3.38 (2.30–4.97)***

3.04 (1.65–5.61)***

1.30 (0.70–2.41)

2.01 (1.11–3.67)*

3.06 (2.33–4.03)***

6.17 (3.81–10.00)***

(country-specific cut-off)

       

Somatic symptomsc

       

I had headaches

Yes vs. No

2.20 (1.46–3.31)***

1.88 (1.07–3.31)*

1.53 (1.06–2.22)*

1.78 (1.21–2.63)**

2.55 (1.74–3.74)***

3.12 (2.20–4.43)***

I had stomach aches

Yes vs. No

1.73 (1.09–2.75)*

2.14 (1.19–3.85)*

1.09 (0.78–1.53)

1.18 (0.78–1.78)

2.61 (1.82–3.73)***

3.04 (2.09–4.43)***

I had aches or pains

Yes vs. No

1.34 (0.83–2.18)

1.94 (1.11–3.39)*

1.43 (0.99–2.07)

1.32 (0.83–2.12)

3.03 (1.98–4.66)***

5.25 (2.42–11.40)***

I had nausea

Yes vs. No

1.56 (0.97–2.49)

2.30 (1.16–4.56)*

1.49 (1.12–1.97)**

2.25 (1.54–3.27)***

3.70 (2.15–6.35)***

4.52 (2.18–9.37)***

I had problems with my eyes

Yes vs. No

2.02 (1.41–2.90)***

1.52 (0.84–2.73)

0.90 (0.73–1.12)

0.75 (0.34–1.66)

2.33 (1.45–3.74)***

2.62 (1.17–5.84)*

I had rashes/other skin problems

Yes vs. No

1.36 (0.88–2.11)

2.08 (1.01–4.28)*

1.18 (0.73–1.89)

1.58 (0.93–2.70)

1.46 (1.25–1.71)***

2.26 (1.07–4.76)*

I was vomiting

Yes vs. No

1.30 (0.71–2.37)

3.29 (1.52–7.09)**

0.96 (0.48–1.89)

2.58 (1.64–4.08)***

3.20 (2.32–4.40)***

3.47 (1.70–7.10)**

  1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  2. aAdjusted for age, family structure, parental education, and peer victimisation
  3. bDepressive and anxiety symptoms were defined as the overall or country-specific highest quintile of composite scores (refer to text for details). The overall and country-wise cut-off values for depressive symptoms were the same for the U.S
  4. cResponses to somatic symptoms were dichotomised as not true (reference) and somewhat/certainly true