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Table 3 Cardiovascular risk assessment by diagnostic group (depressive, bipolar, SMI and schizophrenia)

From: Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with a severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Diagnosis Groups

Author, year

Psychiatric Group

Notes

  

FRS [mean (SD)]

SCORE [mean (SD)]

 
  

CVD

Stroke

CHD

  

Bipolar disorder

Grover S, 2014 [54]

  

3.4 (5.0)

1.7 (1.8)

 
 

Slomka JM, 2012 [62]

13.7 (10.0)

    
 

Garcia-Portilla MP, 2009 [52]

  

7.6 (7.4)

1.8 (4.4)

 

Depressive disorder

Acharya T, 2013 [43]

    

FRS (CHD) expressed by types of antidepressive medication groups.

 

Allan CL, 2011 [22]

 

10.3 (7.6)

   
 

Hoffman BM, 2010 [55]

14.0 (9.0)

    
 

Smith PJ, 2007 [63]

  

3.2

  
 

Zuidersma M, 2015 [66]

5.8 (3.8)

    

Schizophrenia

Bernardo M, 2009 [45]

    

SCORE: <1 %: 15.1 %; 1–4 %:68.8 %; 5–10 %: 6.1 %; 11–15 %:0.3 % and ≥15 %;0.1 %

 

Daumit GL, 2008 [48]

  

8.5 (7.4)

  
 

Ferreira L, 2010 [51]

    

SCORE: no statistically significant difference between case and controls was observed.

 

Goodrich DE, 2012 [53]

    

FRS (CVD): <10 %: 40.7 %, 10–20 %: 40.7 % and >20 %: 18.6 %

 

Goff DC, 2005 [24]

    

FRS (CHD): In men: CATIE study: 9.4 (7.2); NHANES study: 7.0 (6.3) and in women: 6.3 (6.3) and 4.2 (4.5), respectively.

 

McCreadie RG, 2003 [27]

 

4.1

9.6

  
 

Nurjono M, 2014 [57]

    

FRS (CVD): Participants in the highest quartile of serum BDNF had a 3.3 times increased in FRS over those in the lowest quartile.

 

Said MA, 2012 [59]

  

6.3 (5.6)

 

31.5 % of patients in the metabolic syndrome group had a high/very high FRS (CHD) vs. 11 % in non-metabolic syndrome group (p < 0.001)

 

Tay YH, 2013 [29]

4.7 (4.7)

    
 

Protopopova D, 2012 [58]

    

SCORE ≥ 5 %: 10 %

 

Arango C, 2008 [44]

  

6.8 (6.9)

0.9 (1.9)

 
 

Cohn T, 2004 [37]

    

FRS (MI): 8.9 % in males, compared with control subjects (6.3) (p < 0.001) and 2.6 % females (vs. Control subjects 2.0 %) (p = 0.180).

 

McLean G, 2014 [23]

    

Joint British Societies score: risk levels by age group and gender. Age was a major factor being identified as high risk (>20 %), with 79 % of those with schizophrenia aged 65–74 estimated at high risk compared with only 1.3 % of those aged 35–44.

 

Ratliff JC, 2013 [28]

10.7

    
 

Stroup TS, 2013 [60]

  

7.3 (5.7)

  
 

Sicras-Mainar A, 2013 [61]

11.9 (5.7)

    

SMI

Dickerson FB, 2013 [49]

    

FRS (CVD) in smokers 13.2 (11.9) and nonsmokers 7.4 (7.2)

Druss BG, 2010 [50]

    

FRS (CHD): 6.9 for intervention and 9.8 for control group.

Foguet-Boreu Q, 2013 [32]

    

FRS (REGICOR): high (≥10 %): 4.6 % and SCORE: high (≥5 %): 5.4 %

Osborn DP, 2006 [36]

    

FRS (CHD): median: 5 % (IQR:2–12)

Psychiatric diagnoses

Wysokiński A, 2012 [65]

6.4 (7.2)

3.7 (2.8)

5.8 (6.1)

  

Correll CU, 2006 [46]

    

FRS (CHD): 8.29 (0.49) in men and 2.33 (0.52) in women.

Jin H, 2011 [56]

    

FRS (CHD) was increased by 79 % in schizophrenia, 72 % in posttraumatic stress disorder and 61 % in mood disorder.

Mackin P, 2007 [25]

11.3 (12.3)

1.7 (3.2)

9.3 (10.5)

  

Margari F, 2013 [26]

8.3 (5.8)

    

Correll CU, 2011 [47]

  

2.5 (4.2)

  

Taylor V, 2010 [64]

    

FRS (CHD) was lower for patients at baseline and follow-up, but increased across the follow-up period (2-years). Women patients showed an increase risk for CHD over time, and men did not.

  1. Data are expressed as mean (SD), unless otherwise stated
  2. Abbreviations: FRS Framingham risk score, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD cardiovascular heart disease, MI myocardial infarction, SCORE systematic coronary risk evaluation, SMI severe mental illness, PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder