Table 6 Neurophysiological studies evaluating the five functional domains in young people (12-30 yrs) with a mood and/or anxiety disorder
Outcome measure | Study | Age (mean ± SD) | Sample (N) | Aims | Key measures | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social and economic participation | [190] | MHP: 22.1 ± 4.0 | BPD (18) | Determine the longitudinal relationship between MMN/P3a and functional outcomes in patients. | Nα: MMN | BPD & PSD: ↑ BL MMN ~ ↑ social and economic participation at FUP |
PSD (13) | Functional: SOFAS, WHO-DAS-II | |||||
Physical health | [191]* | MDD: 17.1 ± 0.6 | MDD (8F) | Investigate the effect of nicotine on resting EEG activity and affect. | Nα: EEG | MDD: ↓ rPR theta & ↓ smoking withdrawal, craving and physical symptoms ~ acute nicotine administration. |
Functional: HONC | ||||||
Suicide and self-harm | [122] | SA: 29.5 ± 13.3, HC: 34 ± 13.3 | SA (24M; 16F) | Investigate the trait predisposing to DSH by examining EEG and peripheral monoamine activity. | Nα: EEG and blood samples | SA: ↓ CNV and whole blood 5-HT ~ multiple episodes of self-harm. |
HC (13M; 14F) | Functional: HLS, MADRS, SIS | |||||
[123] | SA: 14 (12 – 17yrs) | SA (16F) | Examine EEG alpha asymmetry among high-risk adolescents | Nα: EEG alpha asymmetry | SA: ↑ posterior alpha asymmetry ~ suicidal intent (not depression severity) | |
HC: 14 (12 – 17yrs) | HC (22F) | Functional: HASS, SIS | ||||
[124] | rMDD + CSA: 31.60 ± 10.98 | rMDD + CSA (15F) | Examine the association between CSA, MDD and maladaptive behaviour. | Nα: EEG | rMDD + CSA: ↑ subgenual ACC activation during reward based decision making, ↓ reaction time during incentive-based trials ~ ↑ frequency of self harm/suicidal behaviours. | |
rMDD: 24.81 ± 3.94 | rMDD: (16F) | Functional: YRBS (adult version) | ||||
HC: 30.44 ± 10.78 | HC (18F) | |||||
Alcohol and substance use | [192] | BPD-L: 21.8 ± 3.9 | BPD-L (5M; 11F) | Investigate the effects of alcohol use on MMN in BP. | Nα: MMN | BPD-H: ↓ temporal MMN |
BPD-H: 22.6 ± 3.4 | BPD-H (9M; 17F) | Functional: AUDIT | ||||
HC-L: 22.4 ± 2.6 | HC-L (6M; 14F) | |||||
HC-H: 23.4 ± 3.2 | HC-H (6M; 8F) | |||||
[193] | AD: 24 ± 3.77 | AD (44M; 47F) | Explore the use of a startle paradigm and its association with alcohol use. | Nα: Startle, ERP | AD: ↑ facilitation, ↓ inhibition of the N4S component by pre pulse stimuli. | |
BD: 24.6 ± 5.76 | BD (23M; 18F) | Functional: SSAGA, FHAM | ||||
AFF: 22.9 ± 3.94 | AFF (32M; 65F) | |||||
DD: 23.5 ± 3.17 | DD (51M; 61F) | |||||
Clinical syndrome | [128] | ANX : 12.9 ± 2.6 | ANX (7M; 13F) | Examine the relationship between ASR, symptom reduction and treatment success. | Nα: Multiple muscle ASR | ANX: ↓ in multiple muscle ASR ~ ↓ in anxiety symptoms. |
HC: 12.0 ± 2.5 | HC (10M; 15F) | Clinical: ADIS-C/P, SCAS | ||||
ANX: ↑ multiple muscle ASR predicted CBT treatment response | ||||||
[133] | OCD: 13.9 ± 2.4 | OCD (18M; 22F) | Assess ERN as a biomarker for OCD | Nα: ERN | OCD & SIB: ↑ ERN at Cz (independent of symptom severity, current diagnostic status and treatment effects). | |
SIB: 13.9 ± 2.4 | SIB (13M; 6F) | Clinical: Y-BOCS, CBCL, MASC, CDI | ||||
HC: 13.8 ± 2.3 | HC (20M; 20F) | |||||
[134] | ANX: 11.8 ± 2.3 | ANX (3M; 10F) | Demonstrate ERN amplitude is increased in young anxiety patients. | Nα: ERN | ANX & OCD: ↑ ERN at Cz (independent of symptom severity, current diagnostic status and treatment effects). | |
OCD: 12.7 ± 2.2 | OCD (8M; 18F) | Clinical: Y-BOCS, CBCL, MASC, CDI | ||||
HC: 12.4 ± 2.2 | HC (14M; 13F) | |||||
[194] | RES: 14.1 ± 2.8 | RES (2M; 6F) | Examine the relationship between TMS with subsequent treatment response | Nα: TMS | NoRES: ↑ deficits in pre-treatment LICI | |
NoRES: 13.1 ± 1.6 | NoRES (5M; 3F) | Clinical: CDRS-R, QIDS, CGI-severity scale | ||||
[195] | HC: 25.54 ± 3.41 | HC (28M; 16F) | Investigate the intensity evaluation of social stimuli in depression | Nα: ERP (N170, P1, P2) | MDD: ↑ intensity scores for sad faces compared with HC, ↑ reaction times for all faces and ↑ P1 & P2 amplitude for sad faces | |
DEP: 25.96 ± 4.58 | DEP (9M; 15F) | Clinical: SCID, BDI, HDRS, BAI | ||||
MDD: 26.58 ± 4.16 | MDD (10M; 14F) | |||||
DEP: ↓ scores for happy and neutral faces, ↑ reactions times and ↑ P1 & P2 amplitude for happy faces compared to sad faces. | ||||||
[196] | HC: 27.7 ± 7.0 | HC (14M; 12F) | Assess brain function impairments in bipolar patients. | Nα: Resting EEG | BPD: ↑ power in all wave bands. Marked increases in right temporal theta and left occipital beta. | |
BPD: 30.7 ± 6.1 | BPD (10M; 19F) | Clinical: BDI | ||||
[135] | OCD: 13.3 ± 2.8, | OCD (13M; 5F) | Examine ERN in paediatric patients with OCD | Nα: ERN | OCD: ↑ ERN pre-treatment and after treatment. No relationship with symptom severity or changes in symptom severity | |
HC: 11.9 ± 2.6 | HC (8M; 10F) | Clinical : Y-BOCS | ||||
[197] | HC: 17 ± 1.6 | HC (43F) | Evaluate the effects of depression and a family history of alcohol or substance dependence on P300. | Nα: ERP (P300) | DD: ↓ P300 amplitude. No effect of family history of alcohol or drug dependence. | |
HC-FHA: 16.5 ± 1.3 | HC-FHA (31F) | Clinical: SSAGA, MAST, PANAS | ||||
HC-FHD: 16.1 ± 1.5 | HC-FHD (27F) | |||||
DEP: 17.2 ± 1.4 | DD (12F) | |||||
DEP-FHA: 17.3 ± 1.5 | DD-FHA (9F) | |||||
DEP-FHD: 16.3 ± 1.3 | DD-FHD (8F) | |||||
[191]* | MDD: 17.1 ± 0.6 | MDD (8F) | Investigate the effect of acute nicotine administration on resting EEG activity and affect | Nα: EEG | MDD: Nicotine ↓ theta amplitude in right parietal region. No associations with mood. | |
Clinical: BDI, HONC, PANAS | ||||||
[129] | MDD: 30.4 ± 11.8 | MDD (28M; 23F) | Assess the utility of baseline LDAEP predicting response to antidepressants. | Nα: LDAEP | MDD: steep N1 sLORETA-LDAEP at BL ~ treatment response. ↑ P2 sLORETA-LDAEP slope at week 1 ~ treatment response. | |
Clinical: HDRS, MADRS | ||||||
[167]* | OCD: 27 ± 9.8 | OCD (15M; 16F) | Characterize the cognitive functions of the patients with OCD by utilizing ERPs and neuropsychological tests | Nα: ERP (P300) | OCD: ↓ P300 duration. ↓ stroop duration ~ ↑ P300 amplitude in occipital, parietal and temporal anterior regions. | |
HC: 27.4 ± 9.1 | HC (14M; 16F) | Clinical: HDRS | ||||
[52]* | OCD: 24.06 ± 5 | OCD (21M; 9F) | Assess the relationship between cognitive dysfunction, clinical status and severity in OCD. | Nα: ERP (N100, P200, N200, P300) | OCD: ↑ P200 amplitude, unrelated to neither severity nor chronicity of illness. ↓ N200 amplitude (worsens with ↑ severity). ↓ N100 and P200 ~ ↑ chronicity | |
HC: Matched | HC (21M; 9F) | |||||
Clinical: YBOCS | ||||||
[136] | OCD-U: 25 ± 8.0 | OCD-U (9M; 10F) | Examine the effects of chronic medication on error responses in OCD. | Nα: ERN | OCD: ↑ ERN, irrespective of medication use. | |
OCD-M: 30.8 ± 9.5 | OCD-M (9M; 10F) | Clinical: HDRS, HAMA, YBOCS | ||||
PC-M: 31.7 ± 10.6 | PC-M (8M; 11F) | HC & PC: ↑ anxiety and depression ~ ↑ ERN amplitude | ||||
HC: 25.3 ± 7.5 | HC (11M; 10F) | |||||
[127] | DEP: 20.9 ± 0.55 | DEP (515) | Examine whether recurrent major depression is associated with abnormal startle | Nα: ASR | DEP: ↑ ASR was associated with multiple (more than 1) depressive episode. | |
Clinical: SCID |