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Table 7 Metabolic studies evaluating the five functional domains in young people (12-30 yrs) with a mood and/or anxiety disorder

From: The underlying neurobiology of key functional domains in young people with mood and anxiety disorders: a systematic review

Outcome measure

Study

Age (mean ± SD)

Sample (N)

Aims

Key measures

Key findings

Social and participation

[140]*

MHP: 28.74 ± 10.38

MHP (38M; 28F)

Identify changes in the rates of obesity in never-treated patients with mood disorder over 4 years of follow-up.

Metabolic: BMI

MHP: ↑ BMI ~ ↑ social and economic participation

(40 MDD, 26 BPD)

Functional: GAF

Physical health

[198]

FH+: 18.9 ± 1.0

FH+ (32M, 53F)

Determine whether young people with a family history of depression have altered metabolic markers.

Metabolic/Functional: glucose, lipids and high-sensitivity CRP. BP, arterial stiffness and waking cortisol concentration.

FH+: ↑ peripheral and central BP, arterial stiffness and ↓ insulin sensitivity

HC: 19.1 ± 0.1

HC (27M; 42F)

Suicide and self-harm

[138]

SUC: 15.93 ± 1.48

SUC (15M; 32F)

Examine the relationship between serum cholesterol levels and suicidal behaviours

Metabolic: blood serum samples

SUC: ↑ cholesterol ~ current suicide behaviour (within the SUC group, ↑ serum cholesterol ~ ↓ severity of SUC, but not ~ symptom severity)

PC: 16.22 ± 1.95

PC (58M; 47F)

Functional: SPI

  

PD: 25.3 ± 3.3

PD (37M; 35F)

Elucidate the relationships between alexithymia, suicide ideation and serum lipid levels.

Metabolic: BMI, blood serum samples

PD: ↓ HDL-C and ↑ VLDL-C ~ higher suicide ideation

Functional: SSI

 

[137]

SA: 15.44 ± 1.99

SA (17M; 49F)

Explore the associations between cholesterol and suicidal behaviour

Metabolic: blood serum samples

SA: ↓ cholesterol levels ~ attempted suicide history

PC: 15.19 ± 1.68

PC (15M; 39F)

Functional: hospital records

 

[199]

SA: 16.8 SEM = .74

SA (3M; 6F)

Investigate platelet PBR density in suicidal teens

Metabolic: blood serum samples

SA: ↓ platelet PBR density

PC: 16.5 SEM = .5

PC (7M; 3F)

Functional: hospital records, SPI, SRS

 

[155]

SA: 15.87 ± 1.56

SA(10M; 25F)

Evaluate the relationship between plasma serotonin levels and psychometric measures in suicidal adolescents

Metabolic: blood serum samples

SA: ↓ plasma 5-HT level ~ ↑ suicidality. (5-HT did not discriminate between the psychiatric diagnostic categories)

PC: 16.29 1.81

PC (19M; 11F)

Functional: hospital records, SPI

ER: 16.91 2.47

ER (13M; 38F)

HC: 15.26 1.41

HC (45M; 50F)

Alcohol and substance use

[200]

BPD-O: 12.9 ± 3.1

BPD-O (77M; 68F)

Investigate obesity in paediatric bipolar patients and notable correlates

Metabolic: BMI

BPD: SUD ~ 2.8 fold increased prevalence of BPD-OB.

BPD-NO: 13.3 ± 3.0

BPD-NO (108M; 95F)

Functional: K-SADS-P

Clinical syndrome

[162]

MDD: 24.1 ± 3.2

MDD (45M; 44F)

Examine the association between MDD in childhood and BMI in adulthood

Metabolic: BMI

MDD: ↑ BMI at FUP (in adulthood)

HC: 22.2 ± 2.9

HC (43M; 45F)

Clinical: KSADS,

 

[140]*

MHP: 28.74 ± 10.38

MHP (38M; 28F)

Identify changes in the rates of obesity in never-treated patients with mood disorder over 4 years of follow-up.

Metabolic: BMI

MHP: clinical improvement ~ ↑ BMI

(40 MDD, 26 BPD)

Clinical: HAMD

  1. Note. Sample : BPD bipolar disorder, BPD-O bipolar disorder with obesity, BPD-NO bipolar disorder without obesity, ER emergency room patients admitted for suicide attempt, HC healthy controls, FH+ family history of depression, MDD major depression disorder, MHP mental health patients (mixed diagnosis sample), PC psychiatric control (i.e. psychiatric diagnosis but no suicide attempt), PD panic disorder, SA suicide attempters, SUC suicidal tendencies (either ideation, threat or attempt)
  2. Measures : BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CRP C-reactive protein, GAF global assessment of functioning, HDRS Hamilton depression rating scale, K-SADS schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children, SPI suicide potential interview, SRS suicide risk scale, SSI scale of suicide ideation
  3. Findings : ↑ = Increased, Improved or Higher, ↓ = Decreased, Reduced or Lower, ~ = ‘is associated with’, 5-HT serotonin, FUP follow-up, PBR peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors
  4. * indicates that the study features more than once in the data synthesis