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Table 1 All studies found with conversion disorder and neuroimaging. Studies indicated with a were included in the meta-analysis

From: Neural correlates of conversion disorder: overview and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on motor conversion disorder

Study

Disorder

Control group

Number of participants

Imaging method

Atmaca, et al. [82]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 12 (f), control: 12 (f)

sMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Atmaca, et al. [83]

somatization disorder

yes

patients: 20 (f), control: 20 (f)

sMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Atmaca, et al. [84]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 20 (f), control: 20 (f)

sMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Aybek, et al. [29]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 15 (11f, 4m) [2 groups: hemiparesis & paraparesis], control: 25 (16f, 9m)

sMRI (3.0 Tesla)

aAybek, et al. [52]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 12 (9f, 3m), control 14 (11f, 3m)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

aAybek, et al. [47]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 12 (8f, 4m), control 13 (10f, 3m)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Benbadis, et al. [85]

syncope of unknown origin

no

patients: 10 (5f, 5m)

CT (7 patients), MRI (8 patients)

Blakemore, et al. [86]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 6 (4f, 2m), feigner: 12 (8f), control: 12 (8f)

EEG

Blakemore, et al. [87]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 6 (4f, 2m), feigner: 12 (8f), control: 12 (8f)

EEG

Bonilha, et al. [88]

idiopathic dystonia

yes

patients: 7 (6f, 1m), control: 10 (8f, 2m)

sMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Burke, et al. [89]

sensory conversion

no

Patients: 10 (10f)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Burgmer, et al. [90]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 4 (m), control: 7 (3f, 4m)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Carey, et al. [91]

body dysmorphic disorder

no

patients 6 (4m, 2f)

SPECT (HMPAO)

Cojan, et al. [19]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 1 (f), control: 30 (normal:24, feigner: 6)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

aCzarnecki, et al. [60]

motor conversion

yes

patients:5 (3f, 2m)

SPECT (99mTc-Ethyl cysteinate)

ade Lange, et al. [16]

motor conversion

no

patients: 8 (5f, 3m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

ade Lange, et al. [64]

motor conversion

no

patients:7 (5f, 2m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

de Lange, et al. [21]

motor conversion

no

patients: 8

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

de Ruiter, et al. [92]

non clinical dissociative experiences

yes

individuals: 43 (23 low (15f, 8m), 20 high (10f, 10m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Devinsky, et al. [93]

C-NES

yes

C-NES only:22, C-NES + Epilepsy:38, Epilepsy only:43,Epilepsy + other psych:59

EEG

aElzinga, et al. [46]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 13 (f), control:14 (f)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Felmingham, et al. [94]

dissociative PTSD

yes

patients:23 (13f, 10m), 12 dissociative

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Feusner, et al. [95]

body dysmorphic disorder

yes

patients: 12 (10f, 2m), control: 13 (11f, 2m)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Feusner, et al. [96]

body dysmorphic disorder

yes

patients: 12 (10f, 2m), control: 12 (10f, 2m)

sMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Garcia-Campayo, et al. [97]

somatization disorder

no

patients: 11 (5f, 6m)

SPECT (HMPAO or TC-bicisate)

Ghaffar, et al. [62]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 3 (3f), control: 6

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Hakala, et al. [98]

somatization disorder

yes

patients: 10 (10f), control: 16 (16f)

sMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Hoechstetter, et al. [99]

motor conversion

no

patients: 3 (2f, 1m)

MEG

Hovorka, et al. [100]

PNES

no

patients: 56 (39f, 17m)

EEG

Karatas, et al. [101]

PNES

no

patients: (88)

EEG

Knyazeva, et al. [102]

PNES

yes

patients: 13 (8f, 5m), control: 13 (8f, 5m)

EEG

Krüger, et al. [103]

dissociation DES

yes

patients: 50

EEG

Labate, et al. [28]

PNES

yes

patients: 20 (11f, 9m), control: 40 (21f, 19m)

sMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Mailis-Gagnon, et al. [24]

hysterical anaesthesia

no

patients: 4 (3f, 1m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Moser, et al. [104]

dissociation

yes

patients: 11 (11f), control: 9 (9f)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Nicholson, et al. [105]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 15 (10f, 5m) control: 31 (19f, 12m)

sMRI (3.0 Tesla)

Rauch, et al. [106]

body dysmorphic disorder

yes

patients: 8 (?) control: 8 (?)

MRI

Roelofs, et al. [66]

motor conversion

no

patients: 6 (f)

EEG

Sar, et al. [107]

dissociative identity disorder

yes

patients: 21 (14f, 7m), control: 9 (6f, 3m)

SPECT (HMPAO)

aSpence, et al. [20]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 2 (m), control: 6

PET

aStone, et al. [74]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 4 (3f, 1m), control: 4 (3f, 1m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

avan Beilen, et al. [50]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 9 (7f, 2m), control: 21 normal control (17f, 4m) 13 feigning (4f, 9m)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

van Der Kruijs, et al. [108]

PNES

yes

patients: 11 (6f, 5m), control: 12 (8f, 4m)

fMRI (3.0 Tesla)

aVoon, et al. [43]

conversion tremor, dystonia, gait disorder

yes

patients: 11 (7f, 4m), control: 11 (7f, 4m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

aVoon, et al. [27]

motor conversion

yes

patients: 16 (10f, 6m), control: 16 (10f, 6m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Voon, et al. [25]

motor conversion

no

patients: 8 (5f, 3m)

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

aVuilleumier, et al. [22]

sensorimotor conversion

no

patients: 7 (6f, 1m)

PET (HMPAO)

Werring, et al. [109]

sensory conversion

yes

patients: 5 (4f, 1m), control 7 ()

fMRI (1.5 Tesla)

Yazici, et al. [110]

Astasia-Abasia

no

patients: 5 (3f, 2m)

PET (HMPAO)

  1. Abbreviations: CT X-ray computed tomography; EEG electroencephalography; fMRI functional magnetic resonance tomography; sMRI structural magnetic resonance tomography; MEG magnetoencephalography; SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography; PET positron emission tomography, sex of individuals is indicated in brackets when reported in the study, aindicates studies that were included in the meta-analysis