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Table 4 Predictors of past-year co-occurring nonmedical prescription drug abuse and co-occurring illicit drug use, EU-Meds, 2014

From: Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the European Union

 

Stimulants

Opioids

Sedatives

52.5 %a (0.5)b N = 498

32.1 %a (0.4)b N = 949

28.3 %a (0.3)b N = 1,099

 

O.R.

95 % C.I.

P-Value

O.R.

95 % C.I.

P-Value

O.R.

95 % C.I.

P-Value

Country

         

 Great Britain

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Denmark

0.9

0.4–1.9

.765

0.4

0.2–0.8

.006

0.3

0.1–0.6

<.001

 Germany

0.5

0.3–0.9

.018

0.6

0.3–0.9

.025

0.4

0.2–0.7

<.001

 Spain

0.6

0.3–1.1

.065

0.4

0.2–0.6

<.000

0.3

0.2–0.4

<.001

 Sweden

0.8

0.4–1.7

.529

0.9

0.5–1.7

.744

0.3

0.2–0.5

<.001

Wald Chi-Square (DF)-P

Chi = 1.8, 4df, P = .111

Chi = 5.4, 4df, P < .001

Chi = 7.8, 4df, P < .001

Sex

         

 Male

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Female

0.5

0.3–0.7

.002

0.6

0.4–0.9

.013

0.6

0.4–0.9

.007

Age, years

         

 12–17

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 18–29

0.9

0.3–2.2

.748

1.2

0.5–2.6

.655

0.9

0.4–2.1

.764

 30–49

0.9

0.3–2.0

.628

0.8

0.4–1.7

.494

0.6

0.3–1.4

.256

Wald Chi-Square (DF)-P

Chi = 0.87, 2df, P = .871

Chi = 2.5, 2df, P = .083

Chi = 2.0, 2df, P = .133

Prescribed [outcome drug]c

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

0.7

0.4–1.2

.173

0.9

0.6–1.4

.837

0.8

0.5–1.3

.354

Serious Psych Distress

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

1.8

1.1–2.9

.015

2.2

1.5–3.3

<.001

1.8

1.3–2.7

<.001

ADHD Dx

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

1.0

0.6–1.7

.969

1.6

0.9–2.9

.091

1.4

0.8.2–2.2

.117

Sexually Transmitted Disease

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

2.4

1.2–4.8

.018

5.2

2.5–10.7

<.001

2.8

1.4–5.5

.003

HIV

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

0.9

0.3–2.6

.768

1.4

0.6–3.7

.456

1.8

0.7–4.8

.207

Arrested < Age 15

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

1.7

1.1–2.9

.023

2.3

1.5–3.4

<.001

1.9

1.3–2.8

.002

Source of NMPDU

         

 Social (Friend/Family)

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Dealer/Theft/Fake

1.9

1.2–2.9

.008

2.6

1.8–3.9

<.001

1.8

1.1–2.7

<.001

Non-oral Routes of Administration

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

2.1

1.3–3.4

<.001

1.3

0.9–2.0

.138

1.2

0.8–1.8

.478

Motivation for Use-Euphoria

         

 No

1.0

  

1.0

  

1.0

  

 Yes

1.9

1.2–3.1

.008

4.8

3.1–7.4

<.001

3.5

2.0–6.1

<.001

  1. Reference level O.R. = 1.0; All estimates adjusted for complex sampling design using SUDAAN (release 10.1). Wald Test used for all P-Values
  2. Dx diagnosis, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, NMPDU nonmedical prescription drug use, O.R odds ratio, C.I confidence interval
  3. aWeighted percentages
  4. bWeighted standard error. Note: outcome coded 0 = No Co-Occurring Illicit Drug Use, 1 = Any Co-Occurring Illicit Drug Use
  5. cEver prescribed refers to the respondent receiving a prescription for the outcome drug (Stimulants, Opioids, or Sedatives. Illicit drug use includes any of the following: marijuana, cocaine, heroin, inhalants, designer drugs