Skip to main content

Table 7 Study Characteristics

From: The assessment of depression in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of psychometric validation studies

Authors (Date), Country

Samples

Baseline Characteristics

MS Diagnosis (years)

Disability Status

Recruitment Method

Measures

Validity/ Reliability Tested

Aikens et al. (1999) [20], USA

MS=105, Depressed=34, Healthy=80, Diabetes=71, Chronic pain=80

MS: M age=41.9(SD= 9.0), 63% female; Depressed: M age=39.3 (SD=14.6), 65% female; Healthy controls: M age M age=34.4 (SD=8.3), 50% female; Diabetes: M age=55.9 (SD=16.7), 56% female; Chronic pain: M age=45.0 (SD=13.9), 56% female

M = 11 years

Expanded Disability Status Scale = 0.0 - 7.5 (Median = 3.8) Moderate Disability

University Hospital

BDI-II

Construct validity; content validity; internal reliability (cronbach's alpha)

Amtmann et al. (2014) [21], USA

MS = 455

M age=52.9 (SD=10.8); 83% female (N=377) and 17% male (N=78);

M = 14.5 (SD = 10)

Moderate level

University Hospital/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society charter

CESD–10, PHQ-9 PROMIS-D-8

Evaluation of dimensionality; inter-item correlation; discriminant/convergent validity

Avasarala et al. (2003) [22], USA

MS=120

Ages: 20–29 N=6, 30–39 N=25, 40–49 N=53, 50–59 N=32, 60–69 N=4; 71% female

NA

NA

University Hospital

YSQ

Criterion validity

Beeney and Arnett (2008) [23], USA

3 year follow-up MS=52; cross-sectional analysis, MS=96.

N=52: M age=46.57 (SD=7.61); N=96: M age=47.41 (SD=8.98).

M (T1) =14.04 (SD = 9.37); M (T2) = 16.87 (SD = 9.24)

EDSS (T1) =4.55 (SD = 1.44)

EDSS (T2) = 4.71 (SD = 1.61)

University Hospital/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society charter

CMDI

Construct validity

Benedict et al. (2003) [24], USA

MS=54

M age=42.8 (SD=9.7), 79% female

NA

EDSS median = 2.5 (R = 0.0 - 7.0)

University Hospital

BDI-FS

Criterion and construct validity

Chang et al. (2003) [25], USA

MS=433; plus 'standardisation sample' n=420

MS: M age=45.0 (SD=10.0), 69.4% female; Standardisation sample described in Nyenhuis et al. (1998) [26]: M age=43.1

NA

NA

University Hospital

CMDI

Content validity, internal reliability, construct validity

Honarmand and Feinstein (2009) [27], Canada

Study 1: MS=140; Study 2: MS=40, MD=21, Matched controls (no MD) = 19

M age =44.6 (SD=10.3), 75% female

M = 8.8 (SD = 6.8)

EDSS = 4.0 (SD = 2.34)

Hospital

HADS

Criterion validity

Mohr et al. (1997) [28], USA

MS =184, DEP =72, controls (college students) = 555

MS: M age =44.0, 68% female; DEP: M age =47.5, 51% female; Controls: M age =20.2, 55%

NA

NA

University Hospital

BDI

Face validity

Mohr et al. (2007) [29], USA

MS = 260

M age =51 (SD=10.5), 73% female

M = 19 (SD = 10.5)

NA

University Hospital

Two-item measure

Criterion validity, construct validity

Moran and Mohr (2005) [30], USA

MS (with depression)=42

Mage=43.0 (SD=10.3), 69% female

M = 6.6 (SD = 6.1)

NA

University Hospital/ referrals/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society Charter

BDI

Construct validity

Nicholl et al. (2001) [31], UK

MS=88

M age =48.97 (SD=8.9), 75% female

M = 11.8 (SD = 7.5)

NA

Hospital/Rehabilitation ward

HADS

Criterion validity, construct validity

Nyenhuis et al. (1995) [32], USA

MS=84, DEP=101, controls (MS matched)=87

MS: M age =49.3 (SD=11.1), 75% female; DEP: M age =50.5 (SD=10.7), 65% female; Controls: M age =49.6 (SD=11.6), 75% female

NA

EDSS = 4.74 (SD = 3.6)

Community based

BDI, MDI

Construct validity

Pandya et al. (2005) [33], Canada

MS=47

M age =39.3 (range 18–56), 72.3% female

NA

EDSS = 3.0

University hospital/referrals to Psychiatric care

CES-D

Criterion validity, construct validity

Patten et al. (2005) [34], Canada

MS=567

M age =48 (Range 19–76), 75.7% female

NA

NA

University Hospital

CES-D

Construct validity

Patten et al. (2010) [35], Canada

year 0 N=1670 year 1; N=1336 year 2; N=648, year 3 N=186

15.9% aged 18–34, 29.5% aged 35–44, 33.6% aged 45–54, 21.0% aged 55+; 77.1% female

NA

EDSS (mode) = 4 (R = 4–8)

University Hospital

CES-D

Test-retest reliability

Sjonnesen et al. (2012) [36], Canada

MS=173, Controls (general population)=3304

MS: M age =52.9 (95%CI 51.2–54.6), 74.6% female; Controls: M age =44.4 (95%CI 44.0–44.8), 67.7% female

M = 14.4 (95%CI = 13–15.8)

27.1% (46/170) unable to work

Patient Registry/ Hospital

PHQ-9

Content validity, construct validity, internal reliability

Solari et al. (2003) [37], Italy

MS=213, Healthy controls (matched to MS)=213, DEP=32

MS: M age =38 (SD=9.2), 66% female; DEP: M age =51.8 (SD=14.15), 78% female; Healthy controls: M age =38.3 (SD=9.4), 55.9% female.

M = 9.1 (SD = 6.9)

EDSS = 2.9 (SD = 1.6)

University Hospital

CMDI

Internal reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity, criterion validity

Strober and Arnett (2010) [38], USA

MS-DEP=17, MS-NON-DEP=67, healthy controls=22

MS-DEP: M age =45.24 (SD=8.39), 82% female; MS-NON: M age =47.93 (SD=9.30), 84% female; Controls: M age =46.18 (SD=13.36), 82% female.

M depressed - 10.59 (SD = 6.42)

M MS-NON = 11.15 (SD = 8.66)

EDSS depressed = 5.18 (SD = 1.5)

EDSS MS- NON= 4.32 (SD = 1,54

National Multiple Sclerosis Society charter

mBDI

Construct validity

Sullivan et al. (1995) [39], Canada

MS=46

M age =34.4, 78% female

NA

NA

Hospital/ referrals

BDI

Criterion validity, construct validity

Vahter et al. (2007) [40], Estonia (from Manoj and Sivan, 2007 [31])

MS=134

M age =43.8 (SD=12.4), 73.9% female

M = 9.9 (SD = 8.5)

EDSS = 5.8 (SD = 2.5)

Hospital

One-item measure

Criterion validity

Verdier-Taillefer et al. (2001) [41], France

MS=857, GP patients=1598, healthy workers=403

MS: M age =47.0 (SD=7.2), 63.2% female; GP patients: M age =44.6 (SD=8.8), 59.1% female; Healthy workers: M age=42.9 (SD=6.3), 55.3% female

NA

NA

 

CES-D

Content validity, internal reliability, construct validity

  1. Note: MS Multiple Sclerosis, MD Major Depression, DEP Depressed, NA Not Available