Associations between personality disorder characteristics and treatment outcomes in people with co-occurring alcohol misuse and depression

Table 3 Estimated mean changes between phases for alcohol misuse, depression, and functioning (N = 290)

Phase comparison	Alcohol use (per day) (OTI)			Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)			Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
Phase comparison	Est. mean change (SD)	W²	Sig. (2-tailed)	Est. mean change (SD)	W²	Sig.(2-tailed)	Est. mean change (SD)	W²	Sig. (2-tailed)
6-months vs. Baseline	-4.94 (9.98)	70.97	p < .001	-11.70 (13.87)	205.58	p < .001	6.71 (14.71)	59.90	p < .001
12-months vs. Baseline	-5.19 (9.89)	79.49	p < .001	-13.72 (13.91)	281.32	p < .001	8.22 (14.75)	89.61	p < .001
12-months vs. 6-months	-0.24 (7.09)	0.34	.563	-2.02 (13.04)	6.98	.008	1.52 (13.88)	3.44	.064

Note: Change scores are expressed as the subsequent phase minus the earlier phase. Estimated mean changes and Wald chi-square (W²) statistics are from generalized estimating equations utilising all available data. Expressing these changes across phases in orthogonal polynomial terms (as opposed to pair-wise comparisons): all of the linear components of change were statistically significant (with equivalent W² statistics to the 12-months vs. Baseline comparisons), as were all of the quadratic components of change (OTI: W² = 31.65, p < .001; BDI-II: W² = 50.94, p < .001; GAF: W² = 12.91, p < .001)

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