Table 4 Studies considering externalizing disorders and delinquency
Studies considering both costs and effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sheidow (2004) [23] |  | Costs intervention (MST)  Medicaid (government insurance program) costs (inpatient, Outpatient, Pharmacy, other costs), Other treatment costs paid for by study  MST  Medicaid costs: 0-end treatment (4 months): €9,311 (±7,755)  Medicaid costs: End treatment-12 months: €13,237 (±15,144)  Other treatment costs paid for by study: €11,617 | Costs comparator (CAU)  Medicaid (government insurance program) costs (inpatient, Outpatient, Pharmacy, other costs), Other treatment costs paid for by study  CAU  Medicaid costs: 0-end treatment (4 months): €13,255 (±5,762)  Medicaid costs: End treatment-12 months: €15,207 (±18,485)  Other treatment costs paid for by study: €0 | Difference costs (CostsCAU-CostsMST) (after risk adjusted model): | |
 0-end treatment (total costs):  End treatment- 12 months post-treatment (total costs): | -€ 1,828 -€452 (SE = 14) | ||||
Effects intervention  CBCL: Externalizing scores, internalizing scores:  GSI: Global severity index are measures  The main effects were not showed in this study but only differences over time were presented. | Effects comparator  CBCL: Externalizing scores, internalizing scores:  GSI: Global severity index  The main effects were not showed in this study but only differences over time were presented. | Difference effects (EffectsCAU-EffectsMST) (after risk adjusted model): | |||
 0-end treatment:  end treatment- 12 months post-treatment: | Externalizing:-14.75 (SE = 8.37) Internalizing:-14.19 (SE = 9.26) Global severity index: −0.03 (SE = 0.497) Externalizing:3.29 (SE = 9.97) Internalizing:-6.18 (SE = 9.67) Global severity index: −0.37 (SE = 0.428) | ||||
Results | ICER: 1 point improvement in externalizing scores for usual care was associated with a cost of €1,561. 1 point improvement in externalizing scores for MST was associated with a costs of €404. After 12 months both treatments have comparable costs and externalizing scores. | ||||
Studies considering costs and benefits | |||||
Olsson4 (2010) [26] | Costs intervention (MST)  Treatment costs: € 10.789  Travel: € 53 (133) | Costs comparator (CAU)  Travel: €151 (225) | Benefits intervention (MST)  Psychosocial and behavioral effects: −  Social services (placement): € 31.947 (€65.869)  Social services (nonplacement): € 8.557 (19.459)  National board of institutional care (rebate): € 3.009 (11.014)  National board of institutional care (placements): € 3.593 (31.937)  Wider societal costs and benefit: set to zero  Psychosocial and behavioral effects: set to zero | Benefits comparator (CAU) Program effects Social services (Placement): € 36.707 (73.407) Social services (nonplacement): € 14.914 (15.405) National board of institutional care (rebate): € 2.375 (9.949) National board of institutional care (placements): 0 (0) SEK Wider societal costs and benefit: set to zero | |
|  | Results | The net loss to society after two years is € 4.555 | |||
Cary (2013) [28] | Costs interventions (MST + YOT)  Treatment costs:€ 3.013 (1.940)  Social worker: € 733 (446)  Reparation worker: € 100 (131)  Drugs worker: € 54 (74)  Connexions worker: € 33 (69)  Parenting worker: € 36 (137)  Group worker: € 17 (34)  Psychologist: € 17 (67)  Other appointments:€ 20 (59) | Costs comparator (YOT)  Social worker: € 1.023 (779)  Reparation worker: € 83 (14)  Drugs worker: € 78 (152)  Connexions worker: € 18 (61)  Parenting worker: € 90 (182)  Group worker: € 22 (44)  Psychologist: € 30 (91)  Other appointments: € 26 (95) | Benefits interventions (MST + YOT) | Benefits comparator (YOT) | |
Offending behavior (Young offender information system): | |||||
 € 12,397 (18 472) |  € 15,409 (24,013) | ||||
|  | Results | Difference (Costs + benefits) between treatments € 1.612 (95 % C.I-€ 7.699-€ to 10.924) In the cost-effectiveness plane, we see, there is 63 % probability that the net benefit of MST + Yot is positive in favor of the MST + YOT group. | |||
Dopp (2014) [30] | Costs interventions (MST) Costs per patient: € 9,756 | Costs comparator (CAU) Costs per patient: € 1,843 | Benefits intervention (MST) | Benefits comparator (IT) | |
 Benefits for taxpayer  Murder: € 0  Sexual offenses: € 922  Robbery: € 188  Assault: € 1.156  Property: € 2.395  Drug: € 916  Theft: € 131  Stolen property: € 24  Fraud: € 259  Assault: € 236  Drug: € 777  TOTAL: € 7.007 |  Benefits for taxpayer  Murder: € 0  Sexual offenses: € 602  Robbery: € 308  Assault: € 1.697  Property: € 1.899  Drug: € 1.334  Theft: € 188  Stolen property: € 53  Fraud: € 224  Assault: € 294  Drug: € 598  TOTAL: € 7.197 | ||||
|  | Results | Crime victim avoided expenses  Murder/manslaughter  Tangible: € 6.125  Intangible: € 11.365  Sexual  Tangible: € 259  Intangible: € 3.439  Robbery  Tangible: € 575  Intangible: € 1.422  Assault  Tangible: € 539  Intangible: € 2.926  Property  Tangible: € 3.914  Intangible: € 0  Drug  Tangible: € 0  Intangible: € 0  TOTAL  Tangible: € 11.412  Intangible: € 19.151 | Net present values and benefit-cost ratios  Net present value  Referred youths  Taxpayer: € 2.348  Crime victim tangible: € 2.389  Crime victim intangible € 9.375  Cumulative: € 29.939  Siblings:  Taxpayer: € 674  Crime victim tangible: € 2.702  Crime victim intangible: € 4.533  Cumulative: € 6.561  Sibling pairs  Taxpayer: € 1.399  Crime victim tangible: € 3.499  Crime victim intangible: € 11.238  Cumulative*: € 31.962  *: Includes the incremental costs of MST over IT  Benefit cost ratio  Referred youths  Taxpayer: 1.3  Crime victim tangible: 1.3  Crime victim intangible 2.19  Cumulative: 4.78  Siblings:  Taxpayer: -  Crime victim tangible: -  Crime victim intangible: -  Cumulative: -  Sibling pairs  Taxpayer: 1.18  Crime victim tangible: 1.44  Crime victim intangible: 2.42  Cumulative*: 5.04  *: Includes the incremental costs of MST over CAU | Sensitivity analysis Max (plausible) values Crime victim intangible benefits: € 48.087 Sibling juvenile arrest rates: € 30.74 Discount rates: € 24.063 Min (plausible) values Crime victim intangible benefits: € 17.561 Sibling juvenile arrest rates:- Discount rates: € 36.704 | |
Borduin (2015) [31] |  |  Costs interventions (MST-PSB)  Costs per patient: € 10,566 |  Costs comparator (CAU)  Costs per patient: €4,610 | Benefits intervention (MST-PSB)  Benefits for taxpayer  Murder: € 0  Sexual offenses: € 6.419  Robbery: € 2.189  Assault: € 0  Property: € 2.831  Drug: € 1.899  Theft: € 180  Stolen property€ 0  Fraud: € 91  Assault: € 250  Drug: € 512  TOTAL: € 14.371 | Benefits comparator (CAU)  Benefits for taxpayer  Murder: € 0  Sexual offenses: € 15.756  Robbery: € 0  Assault: € 2.194  Property: € 3.790  Drug: € 518  Theft: € 65  Stolen property: € 39  Fraud: € 75  Assault: € 289  Drug: € 112  TOTAL: € 22.839 |
|  | Crime victim avoided expenses  Murder/manslaughter  Tangible: € 41.048  Intangible: € 76.169  Sexual  Tangible: € 1.739  Intangible: € 23.044  Robbery  Tangible: € 3.850  Intangible: € 9.529  Assault  Tangible: € 3.612  Intangible: € 19.611  Property  Tangible: € 26.244  Intangible: € 0  TOTAL  Tangible: € 76.494  Intangible: € 128.353 | Net present values and benefit-cost ratios  Net present value  Referred youths  Taxpayer: € € 79.891  Crime victim tangible: € 70.538  Crime victim intangible € 122.397  Cumulative*: € 284.739  Siblings:  Benefit cost ratio  Referred youths  Taxpayer: 14.41  Crime victim tangible: 12.84  Crime victim intangible 21.55  Cumulative: 48.81  *: Includes the incremental costs of MST over CAU | Sensitivity analysis Max (plausible) values Crime victim intangible benefits: € 387.085 Discount rates: € 239.009 Posttreatment arrest rates: € 478.277 Min (plausible) values Crime victim intangible benefits : € 188.217 Discount rates: € 311.107 Posttreatment arrest rates: € 91.673 | ||