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Table 3 Generalized estimating equations on predictors of high service users of general practitioners and psychiatrists among individuals with substance use disorders (n = 4,407) between April 1, 2003 and March 31, 2005

From: Factors associated with high use of general practitioner and psychiatrist services among patients attending an addiction rehabilitation center

 

OR

SE

95 % CI

pa

Lower

Upper

Predisposing factors

     

Sex (ref = female)

0.99

0.24

0.62

1.59

.975

Age group (ref = 29 years old and younger)

     

 30–49 years

1.05

0.33

0.55

1.99

.893

 50–64 years

0.80

0.42

0.35

1.84

.601

 65 years and older

4.14

0.69

1.06

16.08

.040

Enabling factors

     

Neighborhood characteristics

     

Population density (per square Km)

1.00

0.00

1.00

1.00

.130

1st quintile of neighborhood material deprivation

0.99

0.03

0.92

1.05

.654

5th quintile of neighborhood material deprivation

1.01

0.01

0.99

1.03

.436

1st quintile of neighbourhood social deprivation

1.11

0.09

0.93

1.33

.255

5th quintile of neighbourhood social deprivation

1.04

0.03

0.98

1.10

.160

% of men

0.79

0.26

0.47

1.32

.375

% of persons aged up to 30

2.09

0.46

0.85

5.16

.110

% of persons aged 30–49

3.05

0.44

1.28

7.29

.012

% of persons aged 50–64

3.89

0.56

1.31

11.56

.015

% of persons 65 years and over

1.60

0.38

0.75

3.40

.220

% of recent immigrants

1.03

0.21

0.68

1.54

.893

Level of neighbourhood social fragmentation

0.90

0.22

0.59

1.37

.613

Distance to the ARC (in km)

0.61

0.29

0.34

1.08

.090

Number of alcohol outlets with video lottery terminal

1.03

0.02

0.99

1.08

.101

Number of alcohol outlets without video lottery terminal

1.00

0.01

0.99

1.01

.984

Health services utilization

     

Consulted other medical professionals

3.97

0.70

1.00

15.69

.050

Number of programs used (ref = one program)

     

 2 to 3 programs

0.64

0.27

0.38

1.07

.089

 4 to 5 programs

0.37

0.75

0.08

1.60

.182

Duration of care episode at the ARC (ref = less than a year)

     

 One year

1.65

0.29

0.93

2.95

.088

 Two years

1.00

0.37

0.49

2.06

.994

 Three years

4.48

0.42

1.95

10.29

<.001

 Four years or more

0.52

0.98

0.08

3.55

.504

Duration in the program in the ARC (ref = less than a year)

     

 One year

0.51

0.40

0.23

1.10

.087

 Two years

0.89

0.44

0.37

2.12

.786

 Three years

0.31

0.74

0.07

1.32

.114

 Four years or more

0.63

1.05

0.08

4.90

.656

Need factors

     

Diagnosis of substance abuse

0.95

0.94

0.15

6.03

.961

Alcohol abuse

2.41

0.72

0.59

9.85

.220

Drug abuse

3.41

0.64

0.98

11.87

.054

Concomitant drug and alcohol abuse

1.65

0.65

0.46

5.89

.443

Schizophrenia

4.74

0.21

3.14

7.16

<.001

Mood disorder

2.65

0.19

1.83

3.82

<.001

Anxiety disorder

2.34

0.30

1.29

4.25

.005

Personality disorder

3.42

0.26

2.07

5.65

<.001

Number of physical comorbidities (ref = no comorbidity)

     

 1 to 2

0.41

0.97

0.06

2.77

.363

 3 to 5

0.67

1.00

0.09

4.78

.689

 6 and over

9.86

0.95

1.53

63.70

.016

Concomitant substance abuse and mental disorders

0.48

0.55

0.16

1.39

.175

Concomitant substance abuse and physical disorders

1.40

0.72

0.34

5.76

.642

Concomitant mental and physical disorders

4.43

0.92

0.73

26.78

.105

  1. a After Benjamini-Hocheberg’s correction, the significance level is fixed at p = .007