What is the impact of child abuse on gray matter abnormalities in individuals with major depressive disorder: a case control study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants

	MDD		CONT		Post hoc**
	MDD with abuse^a (N = 23)	MDD without abuse^b (N = 11)	Healthy controls^c (N = 26)	p*	Comparison	(p)
Male/Female	3/20	2/9	7/19	0.484
Age (years)	32.3 ± 7.4	32.7 ± 8.5	31.4 ± 7.6	0.866
Education (years)	14.8 ± 2.1	16.0 ± 2.3	16.0 ± 1.6	0.090
Beck depression inventory score	32.3 ± 11.8	27.6 ± 5.2	3.0 ± 3.4	<0.001	a>c	<0.001
Beck depression inventory score	32.3 ± 11.8	27.6 ± 5.2	3.0 ± 3.4	<0.001	b>c	<0.001
Early-life stress factor score
Emotional abuse	12.3 ± 4.6	1.7 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 2.0	<0.001	a>b	<0.001
Emotional abuse	12.3 ± 4.6	1.7 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 2.0	<0.001	a>c	<0.001
Physical abuse	7.4 ± 5.6	0.9 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.9	<0.001	a>b	<0.001
Physical abuse	7.4 ± 5.6	0.9 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.9	<0.001	a>c	<0.001
Sexual abuse	0.7 ± 1.0	0.2 ± 0.4	0.05 ± 0.1	0.003	a>c	0.002
Neglect	3.1 ± 3.9	0.2 ± 0.5	0.2 ± 0.6	<0.001	a>b	0.008
Neglect	3.1 ± 3.9	0.2 ± 0.5	0.2 ± 0.6	<0.001	a>c	<0.001
Domestic violence	1.6 ± 1.2	0.9 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.3	<0.001	a>c b>c	<0.001 0.038

Note: CONT control group, MDD major depressive disorder patient group
*Fisher’s exact test for gender variable was done; Analyses of variance test for continuous variable were done
**post-hoc test with Bonferroni’s method (^a: MDD with abuse, ^b: MDD without abuse, ^c: healthy controls)
p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant

ISSN: 1471-244X