Table 1 Comparison of characteristics between bipolar patients with and without metabolic syndrome
From: Metabolic syndrome and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder
Patients with metabolic syndrome (n = 42) | Patients without metabolic syndrome (n = 101) | df, p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 47.5 ± 11.2 | 43.7 ± 12.2 | n.s. |
Gender (F, %) | 67.9% | 69.8% | n.s. |
Education (more than 12 years %) | 33.3% | 33.7% | n.s. |
Occupation (regular work %) | 28.6% | 33.7% | n.s. |
Age at onset of bipolar disorder | 31.5 ± 12.7 | 28.4 ± 11.7 | n.s. |
Treatment Duration of bipolar disorder | 13.9 ± 11.2 | 13.1 ± 10.7 | n.s. |
Smoking (%) | 31% | 23.8% | n.s. |
Times of hospitalization | 4.1 ± 4.9 | 2.5 ± 2.9 | df = 47.7,P = 0.024 |
History of suicide attempt (%) | 42.9% | 47.5% | n.s. |
Subtype of bipolar disorder (bipolar I %) | 69% | 59.4% | n.s. |
Pharmacological treatment groups | 52.4% | 43.6% | n.s. |
 [mood stabilizers only] | 9.5% | 33.7% | df = 2,P = 0.012 |
 [atypical antipsychotics only] | 21.4% | 15.8% | |
 [atypical antipsychotics plus mood stabilizers] | 69% | 50.5% | |
First mood episode with mania/hypomania (%) | 52.5% | 32.0% | df = 1,P = 0.033 |
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) | 5.3 ± 5.0 | 4.7 ± 4.9 | n.s. |
Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) | 8.2 ± 7.4 | 9.2 ± 9.1 | n.s. |
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) | 41.6 ± 12.6 | 39.4 ± 11.6 | n.s. |
Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) | 3.6 ± 4.7 | 2.1 ± 4.0 | df = 67.6,P = 0.046 |
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) | 1.8 ± 4.4 | 0.5 ± 2.4 | df = 51.5,P = 0.021 |
Barnes Akathesia scale (BANS) | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | n.s. |
Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) | 5.7 ± 3.3 | 4.7 ± 4.0 | n.s. |
Schedule for Assessment of Insight (SAI) | 16.2 ± 4.9 | 18.1 ± 4.4 | df = 140,P = 0.027 |
Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) | 67.1 ± 11.7 | 71.5 ± 11.0 | df = 141,P = 0.035 |
Level of lithium (n = 33) | 0.51 ± 0.21 | 0.74 ± 0.62 | n.s. |
Level of valproic acid (n = 52) | 55.0 ± 35.3 | 40.8 ± 28.5 | n.s. |
Level of carbamazapine (n = 4) | -- | 6.2 ± 1.7 | -- |
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) Conceptual level response % | 34.2 ± 12.5 | 41.4 ± 11.7 | df = 104,P = 0.007 |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | 30.2 ± 4.2 | 24.8 ± 4.8 | df = 141,P < 0.0001 |
waist circumference > 90 cm in males or > 80 cm in females | 100% | 42.6% | df = 1,P < 0.0001 |
fasting serum triglyceride levels≧150 mg/dL | 69% | 14.9% | df = 1,P < 0.0001 |
fasting high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women | 73.8% | 13.9% | df = 1,P < 0.0001 |
blood pressure≧130/85 mmHg | 78.6% | 28.7% | df = 1,P < 0.0001 |
fasting glucose≧100 mg/dL | 47.6% | 10.9% | df = 1,P < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 97.1 ± 9.7 | 81.3 ± 11.2 | df = 100,P < 0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.5 ± 17.1 | 120.6 ± 16.9 | df = 141,P = 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82.1 ± 10.5 | 75.9 ± 11.4 | df = 141,P = 0.003 |
Triglyceride (microg/ dL) | 198.4 ± 122.1 | 101.4 ± 69.4 | df = 52.4,P < 0.0001 |
High density lipoprotein (HDL) (microg/ dL) | 41.6 ± 9.3 | 60.9 ± 15.6 | df = 123.6,P < 0.0001 |
Glucose (microg/ dL) | 101.8 ± 37.7 | 87.7 ± 16.9 | df = 46.7,P = 0.026 |
Insulin (pg/ml) | 13.7 ± 10.7 | 8.0 ± 13.6 | df = 133,P = 0.019 |