Table 2 GEE for binomial models with CESD cut-off of 16 and 23

Time 2 vs. Time 1

1.15

(0.86, 1.53)

1.60

(1.13, 2.24)**

 (18–30) vs. (31–40)

0.87

(0.43, 1.72)

0.63

(0.32, 1.24)

 (18–30) vs. (41–59)

0.72

(0.24, 2.22)

0.38

(0.14, 1.06)

 (31–40) vs. (41–59)

0.83

(0.30, 2.33)

0.60

(0.28, 1.30)

Female vs. Male

1.06

(0.60, 1.88)

1.21

(0.70, 2.11)

Kinh people vs. others

0.72

(0.33, 1.54)

0.69

(0.38, 1.28)

Below vs. Above grade 10

1.32

(0.76, 2.26)

1.11

(0.62, 1.99)

Religion (Yes vs. No)

0.80

(0.38, 1.69)

1.01

(0.46, 2.19)

Live with spouse vs. not

1.02

(0.64, 1.64)

1.10

(0.69, 1.75)

 Regular vs. irregular

1.08

(0.58, 2.04)

0.63

(0.34, 1.20)

 Regular vs. no income

0.84

(0.41, 1.72)

0.57

(0.29, 1.10)

 Irregular vs. no income

0.78

(0.35, 1.72)

0.89

(0.46, 1.72)

Household economy (Not economically disadvantaged vs. disadvantaged)

0.69

(0.45, 1.04)

0.90

(0.55, 1.48)

Co-morbidity (Yes vs. No)

1.76

(1.15, 2.70)*

1.23

(0.77, 1.98)

Social relationship (one unit difference)

0.76

(0.69, 0.82)***

0.73

(0.66, 0.81)***

Adherence (Yes vs. No)

0.73

(0.47, 1.16)

0.69

(0.44, 1.09)