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Table 1 Overview of prevalence studies of mood in SLE patients (N ≥ 60)

From: Prevalence of depression and anxiety in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study ID

Country

Disease duration, mean ± SD/median (range)

Women, %

Sample size

Age, mean ± SD/median (range), years

Criteria for detection of anxiety (cutoff)

Anxiety prevalence, %

Criteria for detection of depression (cutoff)

Depression prevalence, %

NOS

Abdul-Sattar 2015

Egypt

10.0 ± 4.6 years

95%

80

30.9 ± 11.7

  

CES-D (>16.7)

43.75

2

Appenzeller 2009

Brazil

64.5 ± 48.5 months

94.6%

167

32.1 ± 11.0

  

21 Item-BDI (≥10)

20.9

2

Bachen 2009

USA

15.4 ± 9.7 years

100%

326

47.9 ± 11.3

DSM-IV

64

DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 42.4, dysthymic disorder: 2.9

5

Bogdanovic 2015

Serbia

6.8 ± 2.9 years

100%

60

43.4 ± 12.8

  

21 Item-BDI (≥16/≥20/≥30)

91.7/70/3.3

2

Calderon 2014

Chile

Median: 32.0 (0–243.0) months

100%

82

Median: 36.0 (17.0–64.0)

  

HADS (≥8)

37

2

Cho 2014

South Korea

NS

90.1%

201

41.3 ± 13.2

  

CES-D (≥16)

39.3

3

Chin 1993

Malaysia

4.1 ± 3.5 years

95%

79

31.1 ± 9.1

ICD-9 and DSM-III

7.6

ICD-9 and DSM-III

Major depressive disorder: 6.3, dysthymic disorder: 32.9

2

Da Costa 2005

Canada

13.8 ± 10.1 years

100%

100

45.4 ± 14.0

  

CES-D (≥16)

31

3

Doria 2004

Italy

9.9 ± 6.3 years

87.3%

126

38.9 ± 11.9

HAS (≥6/≥15)

74.6/27

HDS (≥8/≥16)

40.5/2.4

2

Duvdevany 2011

Israel

11.4 ± 9.1 years

88%

100

37.0 ± 11.8

HADS (≥8)

20

HADS (≥8)

37

4

García-Carrasco 2011

Mexico

106.5 ± 85.5 months

100%

106

40.5 ± 12.0

  

CES-D (≥16)

38.8

2

García-Carrasco 2013

Mexico

10.5 ± 7.4 years

100%

105

43.6 ± 11.3

  

CES-D (≥16)

33

2

Greco 2009

USA

16.3 ± 7.0 years

100%

161

50.1 ± 10.0

  

CES-D (≥16)

27

2

Hanly 2015

Canada

5.6 ± 4.8 years

88.9%

1827

35.1 ± 13.3

  

DSM-IV

12.7

4

Harrison 2006

USA

15.3 ± 3.2 years

100%

93

43.3 ± 13.7

  

CES-D (>27)

16.1

2

Huang 2007

China

7.5 ± 6.9 years

91.5%

129

37.4 ± 10.7

HADS (≥8)

32

HADS (≥8)

20

2

Iverson 2002

Canada

NS

NS

103

NS

  

21 Item-BDI (≥17)

39.8

1

Jarpa 2011

Chile

Median: 5.0 (0.1–40.0) years

90.8%

87

Median: 39.0 (16.0–27.0)

DSM-IV

18.1

DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 21.7, dysthymic disorder: 4.8

2

Julian 2011

USA

15.8 ± 9.3 years

93%

150

48.8 ± 12.3

  

ICD-10 and DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 17, dysthymic disorder: 4, minor depression: 6

3

Jung 2015

Korea

6.8 ± 4.4 years

93%

100

40.6 ± 10.3

  

21 Item-BDI (≥21)

13

2

Katz 2011

USA

13.6 ± 8.5 years

100%

716

48.1 ± 12.6

  

CES-D (≥24)

25

3

Karol 2013

USA

NS

93%

127

38.1 ± 12.3

  

21 Item-BDI (≥18)

41.7

2

Karimifar 2013

Iran

4.1 ± 0.5 years

80%

100

34.8 ± 10.9

  

21 Item-BDI (≥14)

60

2

Kheirandish 2015

Iran

9.0 ± 7.7 years

92.2%

166

33.1 ± 11.1

Cattell questionnaire (≥21)

84.9

21 Item-BDI (≥5/≥30)

64.5/9

2

Kotsis 2014

Greece

13.2 ± 9.1 years

84%

75

44.1 ± 13.3

  

PHQ-9 (≥10)

29.3

2

Kim 2015

USA

12.0 ± 8.0 years

93%

89

39.0 ± 15.0

  

CES-D (≥16)

63

3

Lapteva 2006

USA

13.8 ± 10.2 years

75%

60

41.0 ± 13.0

  

DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 16.6

2

Lisitsyna 2014

NS

134.9 ± 8.8 months

85.6%

180

34.6 ± 0.93

  

ICD-10

Major depressive disorder: 24.4, dysthymic disorder: 25.6, adjustment disorders: 18.9

2

Mak 2011

Singapore

54.9 ± 70.7 months

88%

60

40.5 ± 12.9

HADS (≥8)

38

HADS (≥8)

22

2

Maneeton 2013

Thailand

6.1 ± 4.8 years

98%

62

31.8 ± 9.0

HAS (≥14)

37.1

HDS (≥11)

45.2

2

Mirbagher 2016

Iran

8.3 ± 3.8 years

100%

77

36.5 ± 10.1

HADS (≥8)

71.4

HADS (≥8)

46.1

3

Monaghan 2007

Australia

10.2 ± 8.7 years

97%

60

44.4 ± 12.2

HADS (≥8)

44

HADS (≥8)

36

3

Montero-Lo’pez 2016

Spain

0.2 ± 0.7 years

100%

97

38.6 ± 9.3

SCL-90-R

4.1

SCL-90-R

5.2

2

Nery 2008

Brazil

9.8 ± 6.5 years

100%

71

34.8 ± 10.1

SCID for DSM-IV

46.5

SCID for DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 40.8

2

Neville 2014

Canada

10.2 ± 9.5 years

92.4%

612

46.8 ± 16.7

  

PHQ-2 (≥3)

28.1

4

Palagini 2014

Italy

15.0 ± 8.0 years

100%

81

43.6 ± 11.2

SAS (>44)

17.3

21 Item-BDI (≥11)

34.6

3

Panopalis 2010

USA

13.8 ± 8.9 years

91%

807

47.6 ± 13.1

  

CES-D (≥16)

38.5

5

Pettersson 2015

Sweden

Median: 12.0 years

92%

305

Median: 48

HADS (≥8)

34

HADS (≥8)

51

4

Postal 2016

Brazil

Median: 9.0 (0–33.0) years

96.7%

153

Median: 30.0 (10.0–62.0)

21 Item-BAI (≥8/≥16/≥26)

60.7/43.1/18.3

21 Item-BDI (≥14/≥20/≥29)

45.7/30.7/18.9

2

Radhakrishan 2011

India

NS

100%

100

18-60

SCID for DSM-IV

51

SCID for DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 46, adjustment disorder: 21, dysthymic disorder: 9

2

Roebuck-Spencer 2006

USA

13.8 ± 10.2 years

80%

60

41.3 ± 12.8

  

21 Item-BDI (≥14)

20

2

Segal 2012

USA

12.0 ± 2.3 years

93%

71

41.7 ± 1.5

  

CES-D (≥16)

39

2

Sehlo 2013

Saudi Arabia

6.9 ± 4.2 years

100%

80

34.8 ± 11.2

  

SCID for DSM-IV

Major depressive disorder: 11.25

2

Sfikakis 1998

Greece

7.8 ± 6.4 years

91.5%

71

37.0 ± 13.0

HAS (>17)

23.9

HDS (>17)

19.7

2

Shakeri 2015

Iran

NS

92.5%

160

30.1 ± 6.2

21 Item-BAI (≥8/≥16/≥26)

81.2/51.9/18.1

21 Item-BDI (≥21/≥31/>40)

69.3/38.7/20.6

2

Shen 2015

China

NS

91.2%

156

32.9 ± 10.2

Zung SAS (≥50)

20.51

Zung SDS (≥53)

33.33

3

Skare 2014

Brazil

8.2 ± 6.9 years

93%

100

39.2 ± 12.5

  

21 Item-BDI

(≥19/≥ 30)

21/2

2

Shorta1l 1995

England

11.0 ± 7.1 years

95%

80

41.0 ± 11.2

HADS (≥8)

39

HADS (≥8)

26

2

Stoll 2001

Switzerland

11.4 ± 9.0 years

90%

60

44.5 ± 15.4

  

HADS (≥8)

16

3

Tam 2008

China

9.7 years

95.9%

291

42.0 ± 12.0

HADS (≥8)

22

HADS (≥8)

18.2

3

Tay 2015

Singapore

72.3 ± 81.1 months

86.4%

110

38.7 ± 12.6

HADS (≥8)

40.9

HADS (≥8)

15.5

2

Tench 2000

England

Median: 36.0 (12.0–79.5) months

100%

120

Median: 38.0 (32.0–45.0)

HADS (≥8)

60

HADS (≥8)

37

2

Tjensvoll 2010

Norway

12.3 ± 8.6 years

87%

63

43.4 ± 13.3

  

21 Item-BDI

(≥13)

23.8

2

Utset 2014

USA

Median: 9 years

95%

344

>18

  

CES-D (>10)

54.5

4

van Exel 2013

Netherlands

7.8 ± 7.0 years

88.2%

102

44.4 ± 12.5

  

21 Item-BDI

(≥14)

27

3

Vina 2015

USA

143.2 ± 117.8 months

93%

343

44.4 ± 12.9

  

CES-D (≥17)

47.2

4

Weder-Cisneros 2004

USA

Mean: 97.0 (6–348) months

91.4%

81

31.2 ± 9.7

  

21 Item-BDI

(≥14)

40.7

3

Xie 2012

China

Median: 1.3 years

93.7%

285

34.0 ± 13.0

  

21 Item-BDI

(≥5/14/≥21)

59.3/40.7/19.3

4

Zakeri 2012

Iran

NS

90.5%

71

>18

  

21 Item-BDI

(≥16/≥32)

60/9.4

2

  1. NS not stated, CES-D Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, DSM-III/IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third/Fourth Edition, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, ICD International Classification of Diseases, HAS the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HDS the Hamilton Depression Scale, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, SCID Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, SCL-90-R Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised, Zung SAS Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, Zung SDS Zung Self-rating Depression Scale