Table 2 Methods of detecting depression and summary of prevalence and heterogeneity findings

DSM and/or ICD

Major depressive disorder

10

2960

24 (16, 31)

95.2

Dysthymic disorder

6

922

12 (5, 18)

93.4

Adjustment disorder

2

280

20 (15, 24)

0.0

Minor depression

1

150

6 (2, 10)

-

HADS

≥8

12

1474

30 (22, 38)

91.6

CES-D

>10

1

344

55 (49, 60)

-

≥16

8

1640

38 (32, 44)

81.3

>16.7

1

80

44 (33, 55)

-

≥17

1

343

47 (42, 52)

-

≥24

1

716

25 (22, 28)

-

>27

1

93

16 (9, 24)

-

21 Item-BDI

≥5

2

451

61 (56, 66)

17.7

≥10

1

167

21 (15, 27)

-

≥11

1

81

35 (24, 45)

-

≥13

1

63

24 (13, 34)

-

≥14

6

781

39 (29, 49)

88.2

≥16

2

131

76 (45, 107)

95.4

≥17

1

103

40 (30, 49)

-

≥18

1

127

42 (33, 50)

-

≥19

1

100

21 (13, 29)

-

≥20

2

213

50 (12, 89)

96.8

≥21

3

545

34 (2, 65)

98.8

≥29

1

153

19 (13, 25)

-

≥30

3

326

5 (0, 9)

72.1

≥31

1

160

39 (31, 46)

-

≥32

1

71

9 (3, 16)

-

>40

1

160

21 (14, 27)

-

HDS

≥8

1

126

41 (32, 49)

-

≥11

1

62

45 (33, 58)

-

≥16

1

126

2 (0, 5)

-

>17

1

71

20 (10, 29)

-

PHQ-9

≥10

1

75

29 (19, 40)

-

PHQ-2

≥3

1

612

28 (25, 23)

-

SCL-90-R

1

97

5 (1, 10)

-

Zung SDS

≥53

1

156

33 (26, 41)

-