Table 1 Validated Stress Measurement Scales in Pakistan
Scale | Purpose | Validated against | Year (sample size) site | Strength | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-28] [1] | Translation and Validation | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) by Zigmond (1983) | 1998 (162) Karachi | Correlation coefficient r = 0.62 Cronbach’s α = 0.90 | Medical and nursing students |
Teacher’s stress inventory [TSI] [10] | Translation and adaptation | Original TSI by Fimian (1984) | 2003 (120) Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Chakwal. | ---- | Teachers only |
Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale [AKUADS] [3] | Development and validation | Psychiatric evaluation based on DSM-IV criteria | 2005 (200) Hyderabad | ROC area under the curve = 0.73 Cronbach’s α = 0.87 | Pregnant women only |
How do I feel questionnaire [11] | Translation and validation | Psychiatric evaluation based on DSM-IV criteria | 2005 (200) Hyderabad | ROC area under the curve = 0.74 Cronbach’s α = 0.92 | Pregnant women only |
The Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Scale [PADQ] [12] | Development and validation | Psychiatric evaluation based on DSM-IV | 2005 (330) Lahore and Peshawar | Sensitivity = 91% Specificity = 94% Cronbach’s α = 0.92 | In-patient and outpatient psychiatry patients. |
Personal Health Questionnaire [PHQ] [13] | Translation and validation in community setting | Computer mediated interviews based on Psychiatric Assessment Schedule | 2006 (267) Islamabad | Sensitivity = 78.9% Specificity = 85.2% | Validated for the construct of depression only |
Self-Reporting Questionnaire [SRQ] [13] | Translation and validation in community setting | Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (PAS) | 2006 (267) Islamabad | Sensitivity = 93.1% Specificity = 80.8% | Validated for the construct of depression only |
A-Z Stress Scale [14] | Development and validation | Centre for Epidemiological Studies- Depression Scale (CES-D) | 2009 (421) Karachi | Correlation coefficient r = 0.56 Cronbach’s α = 0.82 (one week) | Pregnant women only |
Depression Scale for Adolescent Schoolgirls [DSAG] [15] | Development and validation | Children Depression Inventory (CDI) by Kovacs (2007) | 2010 (587) Lahore | Correlation coefficient r = 0.68 Cronbach’s α = 0.88 | Adolescent schoolgirls |
School Children Problem Scale [SCPS] [16] | Development and validation | Youth Self Report (YSR) | 2011 (853) Lahore | Correlation coefficient r = 0.7 Cronbach’s α = 0.79 (one week) | School children only (8th – 10th graders) |
Daily Stressor Scale [DSS] [25] | Development and validation | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) by Cohen (1983) | 2012 (264) Pakistan | Correlation coefficient r = 0.46 | University teachers |