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Table 2 Latencies and durations (in ms, mean ± S.D.) of temporalis muscle exteroceptive suppressions under external emotional-stimuli in healthy volunteers (controls, n = 40), bipolar I (BD I, n = 30) and II (BD II, n = 20) disorder patients

From: Inhibitory brainstem reflexes under external emotional-stimuli in bipolar I and II disorders

 

ES1

ES2

Latency

Duration

Latency

Duration

Controls

 Blank 1

12.94 ± 1.67

11.54 ± 4.62

49.03 ± 5.64

31.49 ± 9.34

 Disgust

13.00 ± 1.38

11.01 ± 5.06

45.49 ± 6.07

32.46 ± 11.04

 Erotica

13.02 ± 1.79

11.64 ± 4.86

46.62 ± 5.45

31.17 ± 11.57

 Fear

12.47 ± 1.43

11.59 ± 5.00

47.37 ± 5.73

30.16 ± 11.52

 Happiness

12.73 ± 1.49

11.05 ± 5.41

47.08 ± 5.28

32.29 ± 10.37

 Sadness

13.27 ± 2.23

11.45 ± 5.15

46.26 ± 5.74

31.03 ± 9.57

 Blank 2

13.05 ± 1.71

9.95 ± 5.44

46.14 ± 5.25

31.62 ± 10.09

BD I

 Blank 1

13.72 ± 2.66

9.90 ± 4.62

50.29 ± 6.13

28.84 ± 9.15

 Disgust

13.62 ± 2.91

11.16 ± 4.87

47.29 ± 4.96

31.91 ± 8.77

 Erotica

14.22 ± 2.98a

11.19 ± 4.47

49.57 ± 4.96a

28.44 ± 9.01

 Fear

14.07 ± 3.16a

9.87 ± 4.80

49.55 ± 4.84

27.80 ± 10.23

 Happiness

13.87 ± 2.77a

10.58 ± 5.10

49.15 ± 4.96

29.60 ± 7.50

 Sadness

13.83 ± 2.81

10.75 ± 4.47

48.01 ± 4.80

30.25 ± 8.08

 Blank 2

14.55 ± 4.31a

10.41 ± 4.72

49.35 ± 4.84a

28.70 ± 8.24

BD II

 Blank 1

14.13 ± 4.35

13.63 ± 10.12b

50.83 ± 8.79

27.04 ± 10.74

 Disgust

13.01 ± 1.28

11.51 ± 4.64

48.68 ± 4.28a

27.24 ± 7.08a

 Erotica

13.20 ± 1.15

10.00 ± 4.72

49.25 ± 6.65

25.98 ± 9.23

 Fear

13.41 ± 3.01

10.27 ± 5.17

49.92 ± 5.58

25.13 ± 8.21

 Happiness

12.95 ± 0.99

10.38 ± 4.82

51.42 ± 7.90a

24.89 ± 7.29a

 Sadness

12.80 ± 1.13

11.64 ± 4.47

48.84 ± 4.81

23.30 ± 9.50a,b

 Blank 2

13.18 ± 1.01

11.34 ± 4.75

48.24 ± 5.12

26.74 ± 7.94

  1. a p < .05 vs. Healthy controls; b p < .05 vs. BD I