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Table 3 Visual analogue scale scores (mean ± S.D.) of perceived emotional intensity under external stimuli in healthy volunteers (controls, n = 40), bipolar I (BD I, n = 30) and II (BD II, n = 20) disorder patients

From: Inhibitory brainstem reflexes under external emotional-stimuli in bipolar I and II disorders

 

Disgust

Erotica

Fear

Happiness

Sadness

Controls

5.20 ± 2.14

5.55 ± 2.07

5.86 ± 2.46

5.06 ± 2.14

4.99 ± 1.82

BD I

6.57 ± 1.87a

6.27 ± 1.54

7.35 ± 1.95a

6.00 ± 1.55

5.77 ± 1.63

BD II

6.68 ± 2.20a,b

6.10 ± 1.62

6.90 ± 2.31

5.25 ± 2.15

4.48 ± 2.28b

  1. a p < .05 vs. Healthy controls; b p < .05 vs. BD I