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Table 3 Multiple-imputed effects and costsa for the stepped-care (n = 131) and usual care group (n = 134) after 24 months

From: Economic evaluation of stepped-care versus usual care for depression and anxiety in older adults with vision impairment: randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Stepped-care (n = 131)

(mean (SE))

Usual care (n = 134)

(mean (SE))

Mean difference

(95% CI)b

Cumulative incidence of depressive/anxiety disorders

0.29 (0.04)

0.46 (0.04)

0.17 (0.06 to 0.29)

Mean change CES-D score

6.40 (1.05)

3.67 (0.99)

2.73 (−0.28 to 5.74)

Mean change HADS-A score

1.88 (0.47)

0.45 (0.51)

1.43 (0.10 to 2.77)

QALY

1.32 (0.04)

1.28 (0.04)

0.03 (−0.09 to 0.15)

Direct healthcare costs

Medication costs

1705 (245)

1783 (419)

−78 (−938 to 505)

 

Primary care

10,911 (1496)

10,124 (1631)

787 (−3754 to 4910)

 

Secondary care

3783 (675)

5909 (1456)

−2126 (−5911 to 348)

 

Intervention costs

262 (34)

0 (0)

262 (204 to 340)

 

Total

16,661 (1691)

17,815 (2680)

−1154 (−7708 to 4328)

Indirect non healthcare costsc

5270 (771)

4993 (583)

277 (−1418 to 2230)

Total costs

21,931 (2035)

22,808 (2956)

−877 (−8039 to 5489)

  1. aCosts are presented in € and indexed to the year 2013
  2. bFor cost measures bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals were used
  3. cCalculated with the friction method
  4. SE standard error, CI confidence interval, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, QALY quality adjusted life year