Table 1 Results of the literature review
Author | Type PS | Type of article | Criteria | Positive effect on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Barnicot, K. et al. (2011) [23] | BPD | Systematic review | Schizoid personality disorder High level of impulsivity Less pre-treatment suicidal behavior Lack of motivation to change Less internal, more external motivation to change Experiencing higher stigmatization Experiential avoidance Higher trait anxiety Higher anger level | Dropout |
Barnow, S. et al. (2010) [26] | BPD | Review | Substance use disorders | Treatment outcome (suicidality/remission time) |
Chiesa, M. et al. (2011) [27] | PD | Observational study | Deliberate self-harm | DSM-IV- (comorbidity) |
Goodman, G. et al. (1998) [28] | BPD | Observational study | Initial depression and initial psychotic symptoms | Treatment outcome (SCID-P-comorbidity/ SCL-90R-symptom checklist) |
Gunderson, J. G. et al. (2006) [22] | BPD | Observational study | Meet several criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Number of borderline personality disorder criteria Number of personality disorder criteria Number of axis-I disorders Early history of abuse and neglect Low GAF score Lower quality relationships | Treatment outcome (DSM-IV-Number of criteria/ lower GAF score) |
McMurran, M. et al. (2010) [29] | PD | Systematic review | Lower age Lower level of educational attainment Lower-skilled occupation level Unemployed Convicted in court as an adolescent Parental divorce before the age of 10 Emotional neglect during childhood Less time alone Being in a relationship for less than six months Meet more than one PD diagnoses Meet more PD criteria Diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive PD, severe histrionic or antisocial PD and no specific PD Having a dependent PD Have a personality disorder in cluster A or B Higher level of narcism Higher level of impulsivity Fewer suicide attempts Higher trait anxiety Still be in the pre-consideration stage of change Less persistence Higher levels of avoidance Poor rational social problem-solving ability High level of carelessness in problem-solving High level of impulsivity in problem-solving More social competence Poor ego structure Less primitive defence Weaker adaptive defence style A greater denial of need for closeness Have conflicts regarding engagement and abandonment Fear of impulsive breakthrough of negative affect More externalizing defence Projective identification Lower level of general functioning Previous substance abuse Depressive self-image Less depressed No mood disorders Problems are focussed in one area | Dropout |
Ryle, A. et al. (2000) [30] | BPD | Observational study | History of self-cutting Unemployed Alcohol abuse | Dropout |
Skodol, A. E. et al. (2002) [31] | BPD | Review | Childhood sexual abuse Incest Lower age at first psychiatric contact Symptom chronicity Affective instability Magical thinking Aggression in relationships Impulsivity Substance abuse More Schizotypical features More Antisocial features More Paranoid features Number of borderline personality disorder criteria A greater number of axis II disorders Comorbidity of axis I and II disorders | Treatment outcome (DSM-IV: diagnostic criteria of borderline) |
Thormählen B. et al. (2003) [32] | PD | Observational Study | Have a personality disorder in cluster A or B More distress Focus on 1 specific interpersonal problem Lower Age | Dropout |
Yen, S. et. Al (2002) [33] | BPD, Schizotypical, Avoidant, and Obsessive Compulsive PD | Observational study | Measured number of physical attacks on another person in the past (with and without a weapon) More exposure to various types of trauma More lifelong PTSD Lower age at first traumatic experience | Severity (DSM-IV: more severe: Schizotypal, BPD; other types) |
Yoshida, K. et al. (2006) [34] | BPD | Observational study | Overinvolvement in family relationships | Treatment outcome (lower GAF score) |