Table 1 Item responses (%) of the PHQ-9a
From: Measurement invariance testing of the PHQ-9 in a multi-ethnic population in Europe: the HELIUS study
In the past 2Â weeks, how often have you had the following problems? | Response categories | Dutch | South-Asian Surinamese | African Surinamese | Ghanaians | Turks | Moroccans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Little interest or pleasure in doing things | Never | 58.7 | 46.4 | 53.5 | 63.1 | 35.7 | 39.1 |
On several days | 35.9 | 38.0 | 36.1 | 24.8 | 44.1 | 43.4 | |
On more than half of the days | 3.6 | 6.8 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 9.9 | 9.4 | |
Nearly every day | 1.8 | 8.8 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 10.3 | 8.1 | |
2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | Never | 72.0 | 61.5 | 71.8 | 75.7 | 52.7 | 59.2 |
On several days | 24.4 | 26.2 | 21.3 | 16.2 | 31.2 | 28.0 | |
On more than half of the days | 2.5 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 8.5 | 7.2 | |
Nearly every day | 1.1 | 6.2 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 5.7 | |
3. Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much | Never | 46.9 | 45.8 | 53.9 | 67.6 | 43.2 | 43.7 |
On several days | 39.1 | 31.5 | 30.3 | 20.5 | 29.7 | 31.7 | |
On more than half of the days | 8.1 | 8.6 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 11.5 | 11.1 | |
Nearly every day | 5.8 | 14.1 | 10.2 | 4.8 | 15.5 | 13.5 | |
4. Feeling tired or having little energy | Never | 37.3 | 33.0 | 44.2 | 52.9 | 26.2 | 29.2 |
On several days | 49.4 | 42.3 | 40.6 | 30.7 | 40.4 | 42.0 | |
On more than half of the days | 8.5 | 10.5 | 7.2 | 11.3 | 14.8 | 13.3 | |
Nearly every day | 4.9 | 14.2 | 8.0 | 5.2 | 18.6 | 15.5 | |
5. Poor appetite or overeating | Never | 72.8 | 56.9 | 67.9 | 71.9 | 52.0 | 49.3 |
On several days | 21.5 | 28.3 | 22.8 | 18.8 | 28.0 | 32.1 | |
On more than half of the days | 3.6 | 6.7 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 10.8 | 10.5 | |
Nearly every day | 2.2 | 8.1 | 4.5 | 2.8 | 9.1 | 8.1 | |
6. Feeling bad about yourself or feeling like a failure or like you’ve let yourself or your family down | Never | 76.3 | 74.1 | 79.2 | 84.2 | 71.5 | 73.6 |
On several days | 19.4 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 10.3 | 16.8 | 16.8 | |
On more than half of the days | 2.7 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | |
Nearly every day | 1.6 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 5.6 | 4.6 | |
7. Trouble concentrating on things, like reading the newspaper or watching television | Never | 72.7 | 70.7 | 77.5 | 78.7 | 65.6 | 64.6 |
On several days | 21.1 | 17.6 | 15.6 | 14.5 | 19.7 | 21.1 | |
On more than half of the days | 3.7 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 6.9 | 6.6 | |
Nearly every day | 2.5 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 7.8 | 7.6 | |
8. Moving or speaking so slowly that other people might notice, orBeing so fidgety or restless that you move around more than usual (2 items in HELIUS) | Never | 86.2 | 78.9 | 86.2 | 84.8 | 71.3 | 75.3 |
On several days | 11.2 | 13.6 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 16.9 | 17.2 | |
On more than half of the days | 1.7 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 3.8 | |
Nearly every day | 0.9 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 5.8 | 3.6 | |
9. Thinking that you’d be better off dead, or thinking about hurting yourself in some way | Never | 94.7 | 87.5 | 93.5 | 95.4 | 90.3 | 91.8 |
On several days | 4.4 | 8.6 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 5.5 | |
On more than half of the days | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.2 | |
Nearly every day | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 |