Measurement invariance testing of the PHQ-9 in a multi-ethnic population in Europe: the HELIUS study

BMC Psychiatry

Table 11 Sensitivity analyses: measurement invariance analyses regarding interview mode and language

	Model	Free parameters	χ² (df)	RMSEA	CFI	Reference model	ΔRMSEA	ΔCFI	Difftest χ² (df)
Mode effect (Interviewer, Paper, Internet)	1. configural	99	2342.483 (72)*	0.064 (0.062–0.066)	0.989
	2. metric	83	2627.170(88)*	0.061 (0.059–0.063)	0.987	1	-0.003	-0.002	387.93 (16)*
	3. strong	61	2381.008(110)*	0.052 (0.050–0.054)	0.989	2	-0.009	+0.002	123.571 (22)*
	4. strict	37	2513.875(134)*	0.048 (0.046–0.050)	0.988	3	-0.004	-0.001	444.098 (24)*
Turkish vs. Dutch	1. configural	66	432.981(48)*	0.076 (0.070–0.083)	0.988
	2. metric	58	558.898(56)*	0.076 (0.070–0.083)	0.986	1	0	-0.002	79.652 (8)*
	3. strong	47	511.195(67)*	0.069 (0.064–0.075)	0.986	2	-0.007	0	45.951 (11)*
	4. strict	35	496.668(79)*	0.062 (0.057–0.067)	0.987	3	-0.007	+0.001	67.021 (12)*
English vs. Dutch	1. configural	66	179.417(48)*	0.052 (0.044–0.060)	0.990
	2. metric	58	205.994(56)*	0.051 (0.044–0.059)	0.988	1	-0.001	-0.002	31.321 (8)*
	3. strong	47	231.857(67)*	0.049 (0.042–0.056)	0.987	2	-0.002	-0.001	40.683 (11)*
	4. strict	35	251.905(79)*	0.046 (0.040–0.053)	0.986	3	-0.003	-0.001	37.104 (12)*

* Significant χ² test or χ² difference test (P < .001) (compared to the reference model)

ISSN: 1471-244X