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Table 5 Measurement invariance tests regarding ethnicity, by gender

From: Measurement invariance testing of the PHQ-9 in a multi-ethnic population in Europe: the HELIUS study

 

Model

Free parameters

χ2 (df)

RMSEA

CFI

Reference model

ΔRMSEA

ΔCFI

Difftest

χ2 (df)

Men

1.Configural

198

928.088 (144)*

0.058 (0.054–0.061)

0.990

    

2.Metric

158

1274.214 (184)*

0.060 (0.057–0.063)

0.987

1

+0.002

-0.003

349.622 (40)*

3.Strong (scalar)

103

1261.862 (239)*

0.051 (0.048–0.054)

0.987

2

-0.009

0

150.676 (55)*

4.Strict

43

1543.709 (299)*

0.050 (0.048–0.053)

0.985

3

-0.001

-0.002

378.881 (60)*

Women

1.Configural

198

1515.877 (144)*

0.066 (0.063–0.069)

0.987

    

2.Metric

158

2236.731 (184)*

0.071 (0.068–0.074)

0.981

1

+0.005

-0.006

681.499 (40)*

3.Strong (scalar)

103

2278.780 (239)*

0.062 (0.060–0.064)

0.981

2

-0.009

0

315.266 (55)*

4.Strict

43

2554.394 (299)*

0.058 (0.056–0.060)

0.979

3

-0.004

-0.002

523.376 (60)*

  1. * Significant χ2 test or χ2 difference test (P < .001) (compared to the reference model)