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Table 4 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with TRD-UP, BP-I and BP-II (N = 194)

From: Psychopathological and sociodemographic features in treatment-resistant unipolar depression versus bipolar depression: a comparative study

 

TRD-UP (n = 100)

BP-I (n = 52)

BP-II (n = 42)

Statistics

Age (Years) (Mean ± SD)

46.5 ± 13.3

39.7 ± 15.2+

41.7 ± 13.2

F2,191 = 4.6, p = 0.011

Ratio of Males: Females

41:59

21:31

16:26

χ2 = 0.11, p = 0.949

Patients≤65 years of age

90 (90%)

49 (94%)

42 (100%)

χ2 = 4.83, p = 0.089

Marital status

41 (41%)

8 (15%) ***

7 (17%) ***

χ2 = 14.81, p = 0.001

Unemployed/Disability sick leave

74 (74%)

42 (80%)

20 (48%)* **,###

χ2 = 13.67, p = 0.001

Age of first major depressive episode (Mean ± SD)

37.7 ± 15.3

28.9 ± 10.1+++

23.2 ± 8.6+++

F2,191 = 21.0, p < 0.001

Early onset of major depressive episodes(< 25)

29 (29%)

30 (58%) ***

22 (53%) ***

χ2 = 14.07, p = 0.001

Age of first psychiatric consultation (Mean ± SD)

35.9 ± 15.2

24.2 ± 10.5+++

25.9 ± 11.2+++

F2,191 = 16.8, p < 0.001

Age of first psychiatric hospitalization (Mean ± SD)

40.1 ± 15.0

28.1 ± 11.7+++

31.3 ± 12.6+

F2,123 = 10.0, p < 0.001

Patients with recurrent depression (> 3)

39 (39%)

27 (52%)

20 (48%)

χ2 = 2.55, p = 0.279

Duration of illness-current episode (years) (Mean ± SD)

11.2 ± 10.4

12.2 ± 11.6

16.7 ± 12.2

F2,191 = 2.6, p = 0.075

Patients with comorbid substance use

27 (27%)

20 (39%)

12 (29%)

χ2 = 2.21, p = 0.331

 History of Alcohol use

9 (9%)

6 (12%)

10 (24%)

χ2 = 5.89, p = 0.053

 History of Cannabis use

6 (6%)

11 (21%)

8 (19%)

χ2 = 8.81, p = 0.012

 History of Cocaine use

3 (3%)

1 (2%)

2 (5%)

χ2 = 0.63, p = 0.730

Number of Failed pharmacotherapies (Mean ± SD)

3.6 ± 2.6

5.0 ± 2.5++

5.6 ± 2.8+++

F2,191 = 9.9, p < 0.001

 Failed antidepressant trials (Mean ± SD)

2.5 ± 1.7

1.35 ± 1.4++

2.0 ± 1.4

F2,191 = 5.4, p = 0.005

 Failed SGA (Mean ± SD)

0.65 ± 0.7

1.9 ± 1.1+++

1.4 ± 1.2+++

F2,191 = 30.2, p < 0.001

 Failed Mood stabilizers (Mean ± SD)

0.3 ± 0.6

1.3 ± 0.8+++

1.4 ± 1.0+++

F2,191 = 37.5, p < 0.001

Patients currently having psychotherapy

41 (41%)

43 (83%) ***

35 (83%) ***

χ2 = 36.01, p < 0.001

Number of hospitalizations for depression since 1st episode

   

 None

56 (56%)

1 (2%) ***

14 (33%) ***, ###

χ2 = 43.36, p < 0.001

  > one

20 (20%)

39 (75%) ***

21 (50%) ***

χ2 = 44.41, p < 0.001

Patients with 1st degree relative with affective illness

51 (51%)

31 (60%)

32 (76%)*

χ2 = 7.76, p = 0.021

Patients with Anxiety disorders

61 (61%)

9 (17%) ***

13 (31%) ***

χ2 = 29.74, p < 0.001

Patients with Panic disorders

19 (19%)

2 (4%) **

1 (2%) **

χ2 = 12.09, p = 0.002

Patients with Melancholic symptoms

74 (74%)

22 (42%) ***

18 (42%) ***

χ2 = 19.77, p < 0.001

Patients with Atypical symptoms

14 (14%)

11 (21%)

14 (33%)*

χ2 = 6.93, p = 0.031

Patients with suicidal attempts

23 (23%)

17 (33%)

25 (60%) ***,##

χ2 = 17.73, p < 0.001

History of MDE with psychotic symptoms

24 (24%)

16 (31%)

4 (10%)

χ2 = 6.18, p = 0.045

Patients with Personality disorders (Axis II in DSM-IV)

44 (44%)

26 (50%)

19 (45%)

χ2 = 0.50, p = 0.777

 Cluster A

7 (7%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

χ2 = 4.65, p = 0.098

 Cluster B

19 (19%)

6 (12%)

10 (24%)

χ2 = 2.49, p = 0.287

 Cluster C

25 (25%)

1 (2%) ***

4 (10%) ***

χ2 = 15.38, p < 0.001

Patients with Medical condition potentially relevant to treatment (Axis III in DSM-IV)

 

 Autoimmune diseases

11 (11%)

2 (4%)

0 (0%)

χ2 = 6.65, p = 0.036

 Cardiovascular diseases

25 (25%)

10 (20%)

8 (19%)

χ2 = 0.96, p = 0.618

 Chronic pain disorders

25 (25%)

8 (15%)

7 (17%)

χ2 = 2.44, p = 0.295

 Neurological conditions

13 (13%)

3 (6%)

2 (5%)

χ2 = 3.42, p = 0.181

 Metabolic disorder

19 (19%)

20 (38%)*

12 (29%)

χ2 = 6.83, p = 0.033

Depression severity (Mean ± SD)

    

 MADRS

30.8 ± 8.9

22.2 ± 6.7+++

24.3 ± 7.2+++

F2,191 = 22.7, p < 0.001

 HAMD-17

23.2 ± 6.2

16.7 ± 4.7+++

17.3 ± 4.5+++

F2,191 = 30.8, p < 0.001

 QIDS

15.8 ± 4.2

12.1 ± 3.7+++

13.4 ± 4.0**

F2,191 = 15.4, p < 0.001

 CGI-S

5.0 ± 1.2

4.2 ± 1.3++

4.3 ± 1.1++

F2,191 = 8.8, p < 0.001

 GAF

55.5 ± 10.2

60.9 ± 4.4+++

60.3 ± 4.9++

F2,191 = 11.7, p < 0.001

  1. SD Standard Deviation, TRD-UP Treatment-Resistant Unipolar Depression, BP-I Bipolar disorder type I, BP-II Bipolar Disorder type II, MDE Major depressive episode, SGA Second Generation Antipsychotics
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus UP-TRD; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 BP-I versus BP-II by Pearson’s chi-square test
  3. +p< 0.05, ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.001 versus UP-TRD by One-way Anova plus Bonferroni post hoc analysis