The effect of positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in clinical samples with psychiatric or somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chakhssi, Farid; Kraiss, Jannis T.; Sommers-Spijkerman, Marion; Bohlmeijer, Ernst T.

doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1739-2

Table 4 Subgroup analyses (including outliers)

From: The effect of positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in clinical samples with psychiatric or somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Outcome measure	Criterion	Subgroup	N _comp	Hedges’ g	95% CI	I ²	Z
Well-being	Duration	<= 8 weeks	22	0.15	0.00–0.30	42.23	1.95
	Duration	> 8 weeks	11	0.59	0.06–1.11	88.74	2.19*
	Format	Group	17	0.33	0.01–0.66	84.87	2.01*
	Format	Individual	16	0.20	−0.03–0.43	58.89	1.74
	Guidance	Therapist	26	0.39	0.16–0.62	78.63	3.30***
	Guidance	Without therapist	7	−0.12	−0.43–0.20	49.96	−0.73
	Disorder	Psychiatric	15	0.26	−0.02–0.53	62.56	1.83
	Disorder	Somatic	18	0.28	−0.01–0.57	83.99	1.91
Depression	Duration	<= 8 weeks	16	0.18	0.03–0.33	27.56	2.38*
	Duration	> 8 weeks	10	0.54	0.08–0.99	80.02	2.31*
	Format	Group	15	0.23	−0.01–0.47	64.37	1.91
	Format	Individual	11	0.33	0.04–0.61	61.60	2.26*
	Guidance	Therapist	21	0.31	0.09–0.52	68.95	2.74**
	Guidance	Without therapist	5	0.19	−0.05–0.43	0.00	1.55
	Disorder	Psychiatric	14	0.37	0.01–0.73	76.94	2.03*
	Disorder	Somatic	12	0.26	0.13–0.39	0.00	3.86***
Anxiety	Duration	<= 8 weeks	7	0.41	0.25–0.57	0.00	5.02***
	Duration	> 8 weeks	7	0.59	0.03–1.16	81.11	2.05*
	Format	Group	7	0.52	0.08–0.96	81.15	2.31**
	Format	Individual	7	0.49	0.28–0.70	0.00	4.53***
	Guidance	Therapist	12	0.43	0.17–0.70	67.87	3.21**
	Guidance	Without therapist	2	0.74	0.24–1.24	0.00	2.89**
	Disorder	Psychiatric	8	0.65	0.12–1.18	79.75	2.41**
	Disorder	Somatic	6	0.38	0.21–0.54	0.00	4.56***
Stress	Duration	<= 8 weeks	3	0.23	−0.14–0.59	0.00	1.20
	Duration	> 8 weeks	3	−0.33	−1.77–1.11	91.69	−0.45
	Format	Group	3	−0.33	−1.77–1.11	91.69	−0.45
	Format	Individual	3	0.23	−0.14–0.59	0.00	1.20
	Guidance	Therapist	3	−0.33	−1.77–1.11	91.69	−0.45
	Guidance	Without therapist	3	0.23	−0.14–0.59	0.00	1.20
	Disorder	Psychiatric	5	−0.06	−0.84–0.73	84.16	−0.14
	Disorder	Somatic	1	0.18	−0.39–0.74	0.00	0.61

Note. N_comp, number of comparisons; CI confidence interval. *p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001

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