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Table 2 Summary statistics of CES-D 10 outcome indicators including individual items, by country

From: Examination of performance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form 10 among African youth in poor, rural households

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Tanzania

Malawi

Kenya

mean

mean

mean

mean

mean

Panel A: All youth (individual items (1)-(10) range: 1–4)

 CES-D scale

8.73

7.89

11.76

9.95

8.61

 Depressed (CESD≥10)

0.38

0.33

0.64

0.48

0.37

 (1) Did you sleep well? (reverse coded)

1.42

1.80

2.18

1.72

1.47

 (2) Were you happy? (reverse coded)

1.55

1.92

2.34

1.96

1.67

 (3) Did you have trouble concentrating?

2.07

1.85

2.13

1.94

2.08

 (4) Did you feel hopeful about the future? (reverse coded)

2.05

1.96

2.56

2.35

1.58

 (5) Did you feel that everything you did was an effort?

2.67

2.33

2.53

2.33

2.81

 (6) Did you feel lonely?

1.92

1.62

2.03

1.78

1.90

 (7) Did you feel depressed?

1.89

1.51

2.29

1.93

1.74

 (8) Did you feel that you could not get going?

1.77

1.63

2.08

2.41

1.83

 (9) Were you bothered by things that don’t usually bother you?

1.68

1.61

1.73

1.77

1.82

 (10) Did you feel fearful?

1.72

1.65

1.90

1.76

1.71

 N

918

1982

1189

2098

651

 Alpha

0.74

0.70

0.70

0.71

0.76

 Age range (years)

13–19

13–17

14–28

13–19

15–25

Panel B: Youth aged 18 and younger (individual items (1)-(10) range: 1–4)

 CES-D scale

8.73

7.89

10.27

9.94

8.12

 Depressed (CESD≥10)

0.38

0.33

0.53

0.47

0.35

 (1) Did you sleep well? (reverse coded)

1.43

1.80

2.05

1.72

1.39

 (2) Were you happy? (reverse coded)

1.55

1.92

2.15

1.96

1.63

 (3) Did you have trouble concentrating?

2.08

1.85

1.90

1.94

2.02

 (4) Did you feel hopeful about the future? (reverse coded)

2.05

1.96

2.52

2.35

1.48

 (5) Did you feel that everything you did was an effort?

2.66

2.33

2.44

2.32

2.75

 (6) Did you feel lonely?

1.90

1.62

1.90

1.78

1.84

 (7) Did you feel depressed?

1.89

1.51

1.96

1.94

1.72

 (8) Did you feel that you could not get going?

1.77

1.63

1.97

2.40

1.83

 (9) Were you bothered by things that don’t usually bother you?

1.68

1.61

1.58

1.77

1.77

 (10) Did you feel fearful?

1.73

1.65

1.80

1.77

1.69

 N

869

1982

611

1979

341

 Alpha

0.75

0.70

0.67

0.72

0.78

 Age range (years)

13–18

13–17

14–18

13–18

15–18

  1. CES-D scale ranges from 0 to 30; while Depressed is a binary outcome indicating a scale value higher or equal to 10. Samples are taken from baseline surveys of cash transfer evaluations and include youth from poor and vulnerable rural households, with the exception of Kenya for which measures were collected at endline and include only the control group
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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