Examination of performance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form 10 among African youth in poor, rural households

Table 3 Rotated factor analysis of CES-D 10 items (all youth sample)

	Zimbabwe		Zambia			Tanzania			Malawi		Kenya
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
All items range from 1 to 4	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
(1) Did you sleep well? (reverse coded)	0.12	0.71	0.12	0.85	−0.05	0.07	0.76	−0.11	0.10	0.74	0.16	0.81	0.00
(2) Were you happy? (reverse coded)	0.27	0.72	0.09	0.86	0.05	0.03	0.77	−0.29	0.14	0.78	0.06	0.82	0.08
(3) Did you have trouble concentrating?	0.56	−0.11	0.32	0.17	0.56	0.37	0.51	0.25	0.63	0.08	0.40	0.41	0.29
(4) Did you feel hopeful about the future? (reverse coded)	0.09	0.65	0.11	0.41	−0.62	0.06	0.24	− 0.74	− 0.16	0.57	0.27	0.42	−0.49
(5) Did you feel that everything you did was an effort?	0.37	−0.46	0.11	0.06	0.81	0.01	−0.02	0.80	0.64	0.02	0.13	0.12	0.77
(6) Did you feel lonely?	0.72	0.14	0.64	0.03	0.14	0.57	0.39	0.12	0.63	0.07	0.65	0.14	0.32
(7) Did you feel depressed?	0.76	0.14	0.77	0.10	0.04	0.58	0.52	0.14	0.59	0.25	0.67	0.18	0.28
(8) Did you feel that you could not get going?	0.74	0.12	0.75	0.12	0.03	0.79	−0.04	−0.05	0.60	0.10	0.72	0.11	−0.06
(9) Were you bothered by things that don’t usually bother you?	0.70	0.16	0.73	0.14	0.07	0.75	0.06	−0.10	0.70	0.03	0.74	0.06	−0.05
(10) Did you feel fearful?	0.66	0.09	0.59	0.22	0.18	0.57	0.29	0.00	0.68	0.07	0.67	0.23	−0.04
N	918	918	1982	1982	1982	1189	1189	1189	2098	2098	651	651	651
Alpha	0.49	0.21	0.46	0.38	0.18	0.39	0.38	0.00	0.46	0.30	0.43	0.32	0.15

Samples are taken from baseline surveys of cash transfer evaluations and include youth from poor and vulnerable rural households, with the exception of Kenya for which measures were collected at endline and include only the control group
The highest factor loadings for each item are in bold

ISSN: 1471-244X