Prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their associated factors in patients treated in outpatient clinics of four general hospitals in Guangzhou, China

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample

	Total sample (n = 4399)		Insomnia symptoms (n = 973)		Without insomnia symptoms (n = 3426)		Statistics
	N	%	N	%	N	%	χ²	df	p
Male gender	1503	34.2	302	31.0	1201	35.1	5.4	1	0.02
Marital status							36.9	2	< 0.001
Single	728	16.5	147	15.1	581	17.0
Married	3528	80.2	765	78.6	2763	80.6
Divorced/widowed	143	3.3	61	6.3	82	2.4
Rural residence	2631	59.8	559	57.5	2072	60.5	2.9	1	0.09
Employment status							16.4	2	< 0.001
Employed	2900	65.9	589	60.5	2311	67.5
Unemployed	800	18.2	201	20.7	599	17.5
Retired	699	15.9	183	18.8	516	15.1
Living alone	415	9.4	99	10.2	316	9.2	0.8	1	0.3
Personal monthly income >/=6000 (Yuan)	951	21.6	178	18.3	773	22.6	8.1	1	0.004
No health insurance	2825	64.2	645	66.3	2180	63.6	2.3	1	0.1
Family history of psychiatric disorders	217	4.9	87	8.9	130	3.8	42.8	1	< 0.001
Current drinking	959	21.8	214	22.0	745	21.7	0.03	1	0.8
Current smoking	594	13.5	136	14.0	458	13.4	0.2	1	0.6
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	T / Z	df	p
Age (years)	41.8	15.9	44.4	16.1	41.0	15.8	−5.9	4397	< 0.001
Education (years)	10.3	4.2	9.6	4.2	10.5	4.2	5.8	4397	< 0.001
GAD-7 total	3.2	4.2	5.3	5.4	2.6	3.6	−15.9	---^a	< 0.001
PHQ-9 total	3.6	4.3	6.5	5.5	2.8	3.5	−22.8	---^a	< 0.001

^a=Mann-Whitney U test; Bolded values are p < 0.05; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SF-12 = Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12

ISSN: 1471-244X