Table 4 Characteristics of factors associated with depression in people living with HIV east Africa by their odds ratio, confidence interval strength of association, author and year
Factors | Odds ratio (AOR) | 95% Confidence interval | Strength of association | Adjusted for | Author, year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past history of mania | 2.73 | 1.16–6.40 | Moderate, negative | Gender, age, educational status, income, social support, self-efficacy, cognitive impairment, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, duration of ART, CD4 count, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease, tuberculosis | Mpungu, 2011 |
Mean self efficacy score > 89% | 0.61 | 0.41–0.90 | Strong, negative | Gender, age, educational status, income, social support, mania, cognitive impairment, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, duration of ART, CD4 count, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease, tuberculosis | Mpungu, 2011 |
WHO clinical staging of HIV disease | 1.88 | 1.24–2.44 | Moderate, positive | Gender, age, educational status, income, social support, mania, self-efficacy, cognitive impairment, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, duration of ART, CD4 count, mania, tuberculosis | Mpungu, 2011 |
Tuberculosis | 2.37 | 1.20–4.66 | Moderate, positive | Gender, age, educational status, income, social support, mania, self-efficacy, cognitive impairment, current alcohol use, current alcohol use disorder, duration of ART, CD4 count, mania, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease | Mpungu, 2011 |
Age group 40–49 | 0.95 | 0.92–0.98 | Strong, negative | AIDS stigma, CD4 counts, sex | Akena, 2012 |
AIDS stigma | 1.65 | 1.20–1.26 | Moderate, positive | Age, CD4 counts, sex | Akena, 2012 |
CD4 count | 0.43 | 0.20–0.91 | Moderate, negative | Age, AIDS stigma, sex | Akena, 2012 |
Not have enough food security | 2.89 | 1.40–5.98 | Moderate, positive | Distance from HIV clinic, When knew HIV status, On ART, social support, negative life events, stress score index | Kinyanda. 2011 |
Negative life event score 6–10 | 4.89 | 1.83–10.06 | Strong, positive | Distance from HIV clinic, When knew HIV status, On ART, social support, food security, stress score index | Kinyanda. 2011 |
Negative life event score 6–11+ | 16.67 | 7.01–39.66 | Strong, positive | Distance from HIV clinic, When knew HIV status, On ART, social support, food security, stress score index | Kinyanda. 2011 |
Stress score index> 10 | 7.18 | 2.65–19.47 | Strong, positive | Distance from HIV clinic, When knew HIV status, On ART, social support, food security, negative life event | Kinyanda. 2011 |
Food insecurity | 3.83 | 1.58–9.32 | Strong, positive | Sex, age educational status, marital status, occupation, residence, number of dependent children, access to food aids, practice of agriculture, ownership of livestock, CD4 level, OIs | Yeneabat, 2017 |
Presence of OIs | 5.20 | 1.34–20.16 | Strong, negative | Sex, age educational status, marital status, occupation, residence, number of dependent children, access to food aids, practice of agriculture, ownership of livestock, CD4 level, food insecurity | Yeneabat, 2017 |
HIV stage three | 2.80 | 1.50–5.21 | Moderate, positive | Age, educational status, marital status, residence, CD4 level, perceived stigma, medication adherence, social support | Tesfaw, 2016 |
Perceived stigma | 3.60 | 2.23–5.80 | Strong, positive | Age, educational status, marital status, residence, CD4 level, HIV stage, medication adherence, socia; support | Tesfaw, 2016 |
Medication adherence | 1.61 | 1.02–2.55 | Moderate, positive | Age, educational status, marital status, residence, CD4 level, HIV stage, social support | Tesfaw, 2016 |
Social support | 2.02 | 1.25–3.27 | Moderate, positive | Age, educational status, marital status, residence, CD4 level, HIV stage, medication adherence | Tesfaw, 2016 |
Married | 0.01 | 0.01–0.07 | Weak, positive | Sexual relationship power scale, age, educational status, heavy drinking, tobacco use, WHO HIV stage, CD4 count, previously treated with ART | Hatcher, 2012 |
Resilience score | 1.28 | 1.12–1.45 | Weak, positive | Study site, age, sex, stigma score, childhood trauma score, negative coping score, negative life event experience | Kinyanda, 2017 |
Stigma score | 1.37 | 1.08–1.73 | Weak, positive | Study site, age, sex, resilience childhood trauma score, negative coping score, negative life event experience | Kinyanda, 2017 |
Childhood trauma score | 1.25 | 1.02–1.55 | Weak, positive | Study site, age, sex, resilience stigma score, negative coping score, negative life event experience | Kinyanda, 2017 |
Negative scoping score | 1.50 | 1.17–1.92 | Moderate, positive | Study site, age, sex, resilience stigma score, childhood trauma, negative life event experience | Kinyanda, 2017 |
Negative life experience score | 1.81 | 1.46–2.25 | Moderate, positive | Study site, age, sex, resilience stigma score, childhood trauma, negative scoring score | Kinyanda, 2017 |
Male sex | 1.633 | 1.138–2.342 | Moderate, positive | Marital status,income, verbal stigma, missed frequency of clinic visit, frequency of clinic visit/month | Mohammed, 2016 |
Monthly income<500eth.birr | 1.924 | 1.159,3.195 | Moderate, positive | Marital status, sex,, verbal stigma, missed frequency of clinic visit, frequency of clinic visit/month | Mohammed, 2016 |
Had verbal stigma | 2.705 | 1.445,5.063 | Moderate, positive | Marital status, sex,, verbal stigma, missed frequency of clinic visit, frequency of clinic visit/month | Mohammed, 2016 |
Missed frequency of clinic visit past one,two and three weeks | 4.35 4.56 and 3.75 respectively | 2.20–8.59, 2.42–8.58 and 1.39–9.93 respectively | Strong, positive | Marital status, sex,, verbal stigma, frequency of clinic visit/month | Mohammed, 2016 |
Once, twice and three times frequency of clinic visit/month | 19.033, 13.784 and 22.729 | 2.095–172.878, 1.430–132.871, and 2.450–210.873 respectively | Strong, positive | Marital status, sex,, verbal stigma, verbal stigma, missed frequency of clinic visit | Mohammed, 2016 |
Female sex | 2.071 | 1.077–3.985 | Moderate, positive | Age, income, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Age 30–39 | 2.761 | 1.165–6.540 | Moderate, positive | Sex, Income, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Age 50–59 | 2.596 | 1.49–9.94 | Moderate, positive | Sex, Income, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Age 60–69 | 19.645 | 4.02–95.99 | Strong, positive | Sex, Income, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Income < 200 Birr | 3.917 | 1.559, 9.845 | Strong, positive | Age,Sex, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Income201–400 Birr | 2.796 | 1.139–6.865 | Moderate, positive | Age, Sex, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Income 401–700 Birr | 2.590 | 1.058–6.340 | Moderate, positive | Age, Sex, HIV stage, hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
HIVStage III | 2.317 | 1.108–4.85 | Moderate, positive | Age, Sex, income hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
HIV Stage Iv | 8.769 | 1.93–39.87 | Strong, positive | Age, Sex, income hospitalization in past one month, felt stigmatized | Eshetu 2015 |
Hospitalized in the past one Month | 15.26 | 1.463–159.22 | Strong, positive | Age, Sex, income month, felt stigmatized, HIVStage | Eshetu 2015 |
Felt stigmatized | 3.597 | 1.86–6.95 | Strong, positive | Age, Sex, income month,, HIVStage, hospitalized in the past one Month | Eshetu 2015 |
Age > 50 years | 1.93 | 1.09–3.42 | Moderate, positive | Religion, education, marital status, sex, source of income, CD4 level, HIVStage, number of living children | Kaharuza, 2006 |
Pensions as source of income | 1.81 | 1.24–2.66 | Moderate, positive | Religion, education, marital status, sex, CD4 level, HIVStage, number of living children, age | Kaharuza, 2006 |
Primary education | 1.69 | 1.12–2.52 | Moderate, positive | Religion, marital status, sex, CD4 level, HIVStage, number of living children, age, source of income | Kaharuza, 2006 |
CD4 count 50–99 | 2.02 | 1.22–3.36 | Moderate, positive | Religion, marital status, sex, education, HIVStage, number of living children, age, source of income | Kaharuza, 2006 |
CD4 count < 50 | 2.34 | 1.39–3.93 | Moderate, positive | Religion, education, marital status, sex, HIVStage, number of living children, age, source of income | Kaharuza, 2006 |
Urban residence | 3.19 | 1.50–6.65 | Strong, positive | Sex, marital status, income, educational status, occupation, CD4 level | Berhe, 2013 |
Income < 200 ETB | 4.43 | 1.35–14.58 | Strong, positive | Sex, residence, marital status,, educational status, occupation, CD4 level | Berhe, 2013 |
Unemployed | 2.74 | 1.34–5.57 | Moderate, positive | Sex, residence, marital status, educational status, CD4 level | Berhe, 2013 |
Government employee | 3.56 | 1.73–7.30 | Strong, positive | Sex, residence, marital status, educational status, CD4 level | Berhe, 2013 |