Sleep better, feel better? Effects of a CBT-I and HT-I sleep training on mental health, quality of life and stress coping in university students: a randomized pilot controlled trial

Table 4 Mental health long-term effects of SWIS

Variable	N	Pre-test ₁	Post-test ₂	Follow-up ₃	Test statistic	p	Post-hoc	p_adj	Effect size d / r
Variable	N	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	F / Z	p	Post-hoc	p_adj	Effect size d / r
Mental health
Depression	19	21.47 (9.71)	20.32 (9.36)	17.47 (10.88)	F(2,17) = 1.212	.322	–	–	–
Somatic complaints	18	7.72 (4.44)	6.44 (3.96)	6.44 (4.02)	*F(2,16) = 3.509*	*.055*	t_1–2 *= 2.336*	*.096*	*d = .55*
							t_1–3 *= 2.426*	*.082*	*d = .57*
							t_2–3 = n.s.	–	–
Anxiety	11	8.09 (2.02)	7.36 (2.11)	6.36 (2.25)	F(2,9) = 1.832	.015	t_1–2 = n.s.	–	–
							t_1–3 = 3.846	.010	d = 1.16
							t_2–3 *= 2.801*	*.056*	*d = .84*
General stress	18	7.11 (3.58)	6.56 (3.89)	5.77 (2.94)	F(2,16) = 1.832	.192	–	–	–
Stress coping strategies
Adaptive strategies	19	17.92 (2.42)	16.08 (4.01)	15.70 (5.02)	Z(2,19) = 1.425	.491	–	–	–
Maladaptive strategies	15	19.08 (3.47)	18.46 (4.23)	16.48 (5.20)	Z(2,15) = 3.138	.208	–	–	–
Quality of life
Physical condition	19	2.97 (.73)	3.42 (.58)	3.57 (.70)	F(2,17) = 7.401	.005	t_1–2 = −3.000	.023	d = −.69
							t_1–3 = −3.903	.003	d = −.89
							t_2–3 = n.s.	–	–
Cognitive emotional condition	19	2.94 (.59)	3.01 (.53)	3.22 (.57)	F(2,17) = 2.555	.107	–	–	–
Quality of life	19	3.25 (.61)	3.39 (.54)	3.59 (.50)	F(2,17) = 3.670	.047	t_1–2 = n.s.	–	–
							t_1–3 = −2.656	.047	d = −.61
							t_2–3 = n.s.	–	–

Bold characters indicate significant results (p < .05). Bold italics indicate tendentially significant results (p < .10). – indicate statistically insignificant results. All post-hoc tests were adjusted for alpha error accumulation

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