Table 1 Baseline demographics of ≥10% dose-reduction case and control cohorts
Characteristic | Case N = 19,556 | Control N = 19,556 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age | 45.3 ± 13.8 | 45.3 ± 13.8 | 0.86 |
Schizophrenia duration (months) | 27.0 ± 17.9 | 20.1 ± 17.5 | < 0.001 |
Male | 10,075 (51.5%) | 10,075 (51.5%) | – |
Duration of follow-up (months) | 4.5 ± 8.1 | 8.0 ± 11.7 | < 0.001 |
Insurance type | |||
FFS | 8562 (43.8%) | 8562 (43.8%) | – |
HMO | 3603 (18.4%) | 3603 (18.4%) | – |
Mixed | 7391 (37.8%) | 7391 (37.8%) | – |
State | |||
Iowa | 1024 (5.2%) | 1024 (5.2%) | – |
Kansas | 1294 (6.6%) | 1294 (6.6%) | – |
Mississippi | 1761 (9.0%) | 1761 (9.0%) | – |
Missouri | 7765 (39.7%) | 7765 (39.7%) | – |
New Jersey | 5578 (28.5%) | 5578 (28.5%) | – |
Wisconsin | 2134 (10.9%) | 2134 (10.9%) | – |
Index characteristics | |||
Index drug class | |||
First generation | 2384 (12.2%) | 2384 (12.2%) | – |
Second generation | 17,172 (87.8%) | 17,172 (87.8%) | – |
Index year | |||
2008 | 480 (2.5%) | 480 (2.5%) | – |
2009 | 1388 (7.1%) | 1388 (7.1%) | – |
2010 | 1799 (9.2%) | 1799 (9.2%) | – |
2011 | 2516 (12.9%) | 2516 (12.9%) | – |
2012 | 3280 (16.8%) | 3280 (16.8%) | – |
2013 | 3378 (17.3%) | 3378 (17.3%) | – |
2014 | 2196 (11.2%) | 2196 (11.2%) | – |
2015 | 2223 (11.4%) | 2223 (11.4%) | – |
2016 | 1910 (9.8%) | 1910 (9.8%) | – |
2017 | 376 (1.9%) | 376 (1.9%) | |
Comorbidity profile | |||
Substance-related and addictive disorders | 4638 (23.7%) | 4879 (25.0%) | < 0.01 |
Anxiety disorders | 2973 (15.2%) | 3264 (16.7%) | < 0.001 |
Bipolar and related disorders | 4452 (22.8%) | 4672 (23.9%) | < 0.01 |
Depressive disorders | 4942 (25.3%) | 5472 (28.0%) | < 0.001 |
Personality disorders | 809 (4.1%) | 757 (3.9%) | 0.19 |
Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (excluding schizophrenia) | 2426 (12.4%) | 2699 (13.8%) | < 0.001 |
Sleep–wake disorders | 1516 (7.8%) | 1565 (8.0%) | 0.36 |
Tardive dyskinesia | 37 (0.2%) | 51 (0.3%) | 0.17 |
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders | 1312 (6.7%) | 1446 (7.4%) | < 0.01 |
CCI | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.29 |
AIDS/HIV | 238 (1.2%) | 288 (1.5%) | < 0.05 |
Cancer | 391 (2.0%) | 399 (2.0%) | 0.80 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 765 (3.9%) | 717 (3.7%) | 0.21 |
Congestive heart failure | 759 (3.9%) | 722 (3.7%) | 0.33 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 3901 (20.0%) | 3836 (19.6%) | 0.41 |
Dementia | 512 (2.6%) | 430 (2.2%) | < 0.01 |
Diabetes with chronic complication | 791 (4.0%) | 751 (3.8%) | 0.30 |
Diabetes without chronic complication | 3201 (16.4%) | 3066 (15.7%) | 0.06 |
Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 220 (1.1%) | 188 (1.0%) | 0.12 |
Mild liver disease | 800 (4.1%) | 834 (4.3%) | 0.40 |
Metastatic solid tumor | 60 (0.3%) | 50 (0.3%) | 0.39 |
Myocardial infarction | 189 (1.0%) | 197 (1.0%) | 0.72 |
Moderate or severe liver disease | 68 (0.4%) | 59 (0.3%) | 0.48 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 112 (0.6%) | 111 (0.6%) | 1.00 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 883 (4.5%) | 784 (4.0%) | < 0.05 |
Renal disease | 559 (2.9%) | 544 (2.8%) | 0.67 |
Rheumatic disease | 198 (1.0%) | 221 (1.1%) | 0.27 |
Psychotherapy | |||
Psychotherapy in crisis | 36 (0.2%) | 41 (0.2%) | 0.65 |
Psychotherapy non-crisis | 2587 (13.2%) | 2791 (14.3%) | < 0.01 |
Psychoanalysis | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.01%) | 0.48 |
Additional psychiatric medications | |||
ADHD medication | 523 (2.7%) | 513 (2.6%) | 0.77 |
Anticholinergic | 3998 (20.4%) | 3465 (17.7%) | < 0.001 |
Antidepressant | 9176 (46.9%) | 9214 (47.1%) | 0.63 |
Anxiety medication | 4961 (25.4%) | 4964 (25.4%) | 0.98 |
Mood stabilizer | 5980 (30.6%) | 5388 (27.6%) | < 0.001 |
Sedative | 1946 (10.0%) | 2112 (10.8%) | < 0.01 |