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Table 1 Subgroup analyses on the association of depression and fracture risk

From: Association between depression and the risk for fracture: a meta-analysis and systematic review

 

No. of reporta

HR (95% CI)

Q-Statistic

P value for heterogeneity

I2 (%)

P value between groups

Fracture Type

 Any fracture

9

1.16 (1.05–1.29)

15.74

0.073

42.8

0.834

 Hip fracture

10

1.31 (1.08–1.59)

19.75

0.011

59.5

 

 Nonvertebral fracture

4

1.51 (1.23–1.85)

3.28

0.351

8.5

 

 vertebral fracture

2

1.16 (1.00–1.36)

2.7

0.100

63.5

 

Sex

 Male

6

1.59 (1.11–2.29)

6.36

0.273

21.4

0.429

 Female

12

1.23 (1.09–1.39)

29.87

0.002

63.2

 

 Mixed

7

1.22 (1.08–1.37)

12.83

0.046

53.2

 

Mean age at baseline

  < 65

11

1.15 (1.05–1.26)

27.07

0.003

63.1

0.050

  > =65

14

1.36 (1.22–1.50)

13.81

0.387

5.9

 

Study region

0.036

 America

14

1.13 (1.05–1.22)

22.95

0.042

43.4

 

 Europe, Australia

9

1.76 (1.44–2.17)

4.67

0.792

0

 

 Asia

2

1.36 (1.06–1.73)

2.53

0.112

60.5

 

Duration of follow-up

  < 10

17

1.23 (1.10–1.38)

35.61

0.003

55.1

0.679

  > =10

8

1.28 (1.11–1.47)

17.89

0.012

60.9

 

Type of depression measure

 Self-reported scales

21

1.29 (1.16–1.44)

45.44

0.001

56.0

0.469

 physician diagnoses

4

1.18 (1.03–1.36)

9.59

0.023

68.6

 

Sample size

  < 5000

9

1.44 (1.25–1.66)

5.76

0.674

0.0

0.049

  > =5000

16

1.18 (1.08–1.29)

38.78

0.001

61.3

 

Control BMD in models

 Yes

10

1.15 (1.03–1.29)

19.87

0.019

54.7

0.109

 No

15

1.36 (1.20–1.54)

29.9

0.008

53.2

 

Control for antidepressants use

 Yes

7

1.19 (1.03–1.39)

12.52

0.051

52.1

0.513

 No

18

1.28 (1.15–1.42)

42.31

0.001

59.8

 

Control for smoking

 Yes

16

1.22 (1.08–1.38)

30.01

0.012

50

0.637

 No

9

1.28 (1.14–1.44)

20.23

0.009

60.5

 

Control for physical activity

 Yes

 

1.19 (1.01–1.41)

18.03

0.012

61.2

0.404

 No

 

1.24 (1.44–1.35)

28.79

0.025

44.4

 
  1. Note: aFour articles reported their results by sex group and four articles by type of fracture; there are 25 reports from 16 articles;BMD bone mineral density; CI confidence interval; HR Hazard ratio; Q-Statistic, Cochrane Q statistic; I2, the percentage of total variation due to heterogeneity among studies