From: Association between depression and the risk for fracture: a meta-analysis and systematic review
 | No. of reporta | HR (95% CI) | Q-Statistic | P value for heterogeneity | I2 (%) | P value between groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fracture Type | ||||||
 Any fracture | 9 | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | 15.74 | 0.073 | 42.8 | 0.834 |
 Hip fracture | 10 | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | 19.75 | 0.011 | 59.5 |  |
 Nonvertebral fracture | 4 | 1.51 (1.23–1.85) | 3.28 | 0.351 | 8.5 |  |
 vertebral fracture | 2 | 1.16 (1.00–1.36) | 2.7 | 0.100 | 63.5 |  |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | 6 | 1.59 (1.11–2.29) | 6.36 | 0.273 | 21.4 | 0.429 |
 Female | 12 | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 29.87 | 0.002 | 63.2 |  |
 Mixed | 7 | 1.22 (1.08–1.37) | 12.83 | 0.046 | 53.2 |  |
Mean age at baseline | ||||||
  < 65 | 11 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 27.07 | 0.003 | 63.1 | 0.050 |
  > =65 | 14 | 1.36 (1.22–1.50) | 13.81 | 0.387 | 5.9 |  |
Study region | 0.036 | |||||
 America | 14 | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 22.95 | 0.042 | 43.4 |  |
 Europe, Australia | 9 | 1.76 (1.44–2.17) | 4.67 | 0.792 | 0 |  |
 Asia | 2 | 1.36 (1.06–1.73) | 2.53 | 0.112 | 60.5 |  |
Duration of follow-up | ||||||
  < 10 | 17 | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) | 35.61 | 0.003 | 55.1 | 0.679 |
  > =10 | 8 | 1.28 (1.11–1.47) | 17.89 | 0.012 | 60.9 |  |
Type of depression measure | ||||||
 Self-reported scales | 21 | 1.29 (1.16–1.44) | 45.44 | 0.001 | 56.0 | 0.469 |
 physician diagnoses | 4 | 1.18 (1.03–1.36) | 9.59 | 0.023 | 68.6 |  |
Sample size | ||||||
  < 5000 | 9 | 1.44 (1.25–1.66) | 5.76 | 0.674 | 0.0 | 0.049 |
  > =5000 | 16 | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | 38.78 | 0.001 | 61.3 |  |
Control BMD in models | ||||||
 Yes | 10 | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 19.87 | 0.019 | 54.7 | 0.109 |
 No | 15 | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) | 29.9 | 0.008 | 53.2 |  |
Control for antidepressants use | ||||||
 Yes | 7 | 1.19 (1.03–1.39) | 12.52 | 0.051 | 52.1 | 0.513 |
 No | 18 | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) | 42.31 | 0.001 | 59.8 |  |
Control for smoking | ||||||
 Yes | 16 | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) | 30.01 | 0.012 | 50 | 0.637 |
 No | 9 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | 20.23 | 0.009 | 60.5 |  |
Control for physical activity | ||||||
 Yes |  | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | 18.03 | 0.012 | 61.2 | 0.404 |
 No |  | 1.24 (1.44–1.35) | 28.79 | 0.025 | 44.4 |  |