Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
From: Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | N | Country | Trauma type | Controls | Female | Mean Age | PTSD Assessment | Collection time | Assayed Methods | Interassay variation | Intra-assay variation | Sensitivity | T-frozen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carrion 2001 [43] | 51 | USA | Mixed trauma | NTC | 21 | 10.7 | DSM-IV Reaction Index | AM,PM | RIA | 12% | NR | NR | -20 °C |
Coupland 2003 [44] | 66 | Canada | Abuse | NTC | 66 | 38 ± 11 | DSM-IV CAPS-1 | AM,PM | ELISA | 2% | 8% | 0.05 mg/dl. | −80 °C |
Feldman 2013 [45] | 232 | Israeli | Combat | TC,NTC | 110 | 1.5–5.0 | Clinicians diagnose | AM | ELISA | 10.5% | 13.4% | NR | −20 °C |
Gill 2008 [46] | 71 | USA | Civilian trauma | TC,NTC | 71 | 42.9 ± 7.82 | DSM-IV CAPS | PM | ELISA | 9% | 9% | NR | −80 °C |
Kloet 2006 [47] | 83 | Netherland | Combat | TC,NTC | 0 | 34.1 ± 5.8 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | 4% | 5.5–9% | NR | −80 °C |
Kobayashi 2014 [48] | 39 | USA | Injury | TC | 7 | 40.3 ± 10.7 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | NR | NR | NR | −20 °C |
Lindauer 2006 [49] | 24 | Netherland | Mixed trauma | TC | 10 | 35.1 ± 11.4 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | 10% | 10% | NR | −20 °C |
Lipschitz, DS 2003 [50] | 48 | USA | Mixed trauma | TC,NTC | 37 | 16.4 ± 2.6 | DSM-IV CTQ | AM | RIA | 8.00% | 9.00% | NR | −80 °C |
Mcfarlane 2011 [51] | 48 | Australia | Traumatic accident | TC | 12 | 34 ± 12.7 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | NR | NR | NR | − 20 °C |
Neylan 2009 [52] | 22 | USA | Combat | TC | 0 | 51.1 ± 2.5 | DSM-IV SCID | AM | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Tucker 2010 [53] | 100 | USA | Bombing registry | TC,NTC | 54 | 47.0 ± 10.0 | DSM-IV DIS | AM | RIA | NR | NR | NR | −20 °C |
Roth 2007 [54] | 218 | Sweden | Combat | TC | 122 | NR | DSM-IV HTQ | AM | RIA | 10% | 10% | 0.8 nmol/l | −70 °C |
Shalev 2007 [55] | 155 | Israel | Road traffic accidents | TC | 64 | 31.2 ± 11.6 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM | NR | NR | NR | NR | −40 °C |
Su, T 2009 [56] | 27 | China | Mixed trauma | NTC | 2 | 43.15 ± 12.8 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM | RIA | 3% | 6% | 10 pg/tube | −80 °C |
Wahbeh 2013 [57] | 71 | USA | Combat | TC | 0 | 55.5 ± 8.9 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | ELISA | 4.74% | 3.03% | NR | NR |
Witteveen, AB 2010 [58] | 1880 | Netherlands | Mixed trauma | TC | 141 | 47.0 ± 8.0 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | NR | NR | NR | −20 °C |
Yehuda 2005 [59] | 63 | USA | Holocaust | TC,NTC | 36 | 69.7 ± 5.0 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | 3.90% | 12.00% | 10 ng/dl | NR |
Yehuda, R 2005 [60] | 67 | USA | Holocaust | TC,NTC | 34 | 68.5 ± 5.9 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM,PM | RIA | 3.90% | 12.00% | 10 ng/dl | NR |
Young, EA 2004 [61] | 516 | USA | Mixed trauma | TC,NTC | 457 | 36.8 ± 2.2 | DSM-III | AM,PM | NR | 6.50% | 5.00% | 1 ng/mL | −20 °C |
Young 2004 [62] | 171 | USA | Mixed trauma | TC,NTC | 171 | 18–54 | DSM-III | AM,PM | NR | 10% | NR | 2 μg/dL | −20 °C |
Steven 2004 [63] | 34 | USA | Childhood trauma | NTC | 30 | 40.3 ± 3.3 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM | ELISA | 5.70% | 6.90% | 7 μg/dL | NR |
Neylan 2003 [64] | 32 | USA | Combat | TC | 0 | 49.4 ± 5.7 | DSM-IV CAPS | AM | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |