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Table 3 Summary of case-control studies included in the meta-analysis

From: Tooth loss as a risk factor for dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 observational studies

Author / Year

Country

Sample size

Study design

Age, yr

Main exposure definition

Exposure cut-off point

Accessment of cognitive function

Effect size and crude association results with 95%CI highest vs. lowest category

Effect size and adjusted association results with 95%CI highest vs. lowest category

Adjustment

Quality scores

Gil-Montoya et al (2015) [37]

Spain

409

Case-control

> 50

Number of teeth present

20–32,

10–19,

1–9

DSM-IV

1.76 (1.05–2.95)

1.25 (0.67–2.36)

Age, sex, clinical attachment loss, oral hygiene habits, and hyperlipidemia

13

Gatz et al (2006) [27]

Sweden

3373

Case-control

59–107

Number of teeth missing

All,

Half,

Has all teeth

Clinical diagnostic evaluations for dementia

1.74 (1.35–2.24)

1.49 (1.14–1.95)

Age, sex, education, mentally stimulating activities, physical exercise, parents’ social class, short adult height

12

Kondo et al (1994) [38]

Japan

180

Case-control

43–89

Number of teeth missing

More than half of the teeth, Total denture with no own teeth

DSM-III R

1.90 (1.00–3.60)

–

–

11

  1. Notes: DSM-IV The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition, DSM-III R Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third Edition, Revised