Table 2 Clinical characteristics of voluntary and involuntary patients admitted to 4 psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland (N = 5027)
Characteristics | VH (n = 3109) | IH (n = 1918) | p-value | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main diagnosis at discharge (ICD-10), % (n) | ||||||
Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders (F00-F09) | 3.0 (89) | 14.8 (264) | <.0001a | V = .21d | ||
Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol (F10) | 10.8 (323) | 10.1 (180) | .446a | V = .01c | ||
Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use (F11-F19) | 9.9 (296) | 4.9 (88) | <.0001a | V = .08c | ||
Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20-F29) | 18.6 (555) | 29.1 (518) | <.0001a | V = .12c | ||
Manic and bipolar affective disorders (F30-F31) | 4.8 (142) | 6.7 (119) | .005a | V = .04c | ||
Mood [affective] disorders (manic and bipolar affective disorders excluded) (F32-F39) | 23.7 (709) | 11.0 (196) | <.0001a | V = .15c | ||
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F40-F48) | 13.7 (408) | 8.2 (146) | <.0001a | V = .08c | ||
Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (F50-F59) | 0.6 (19) | 0.3 (6) | .167a | V = .02c | ||
Disorders of adult personality and behaviour (F60-F69) | 11.6 (345) | 9.4 (167) | .019a | V = .03c | ||
Mental retardation (F70-F79) | 1.1 (34) | 2.2 (39) | .004a | V = .04c | ||
Disorders of psychological development (F80-F89) | 0.8 (24) | 0.8 (14) | .949a | V = .00c | ||
Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90-F98) | 0.9 (27) | 1.0 (17) | .858a | V = .00c | ||
Other non-mental disorders | 0.5 (16) | 1.5 (26) | .001a | V = .05c | ||
Comorbidity at discharge (ICD-10), % (n) | ||||||
F10-F19 | 8.6 (257) | 8.9 (159) | .697a | V = .01c | ||
F60-F69 | 18.3 (547) | 11.6 (206) | <.0001a | V = .10c | ||
HoNOS scores at admission, Mean (SD) Mdn (IQR) | ||||||
Overactive, aggressive, disruptive or agitated behaviour | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.0 (2.0) | 1.7 (1.5) | 2.0 (3.0) | <.0001b | r = −.30e |
Non-accidental self-injury | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.0 (1.0) | .011b | r = −.04c |
Problem drinking or drug-taking | 1.2 (1.6) | 0.0 (3.0) | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.0 (2.0) | .006b | r = −.04c |
Cognitive problems | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.0 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.0 (2.0) | <.0001b | r = −.18c |
Physical illness or disability problems | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.4) | 0.0 (2.0) | <.0001b | r = −.10c |
Problems associated with hallucinations and delusions | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.0 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.6) | 0.0 (3.0) | <.0001b | r = −.21d |
Problems with depressed mood | 2.3 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.4) | 2.0 (3.0) | <.0001b | r = −.18c |
Other mental and behavioural problems | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (2.0) | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.0 (3.0) | .212b | r = −.02c |
Problems with relationships | 1.5 (1.2) | 2.0 (2.0) | 1.8 (1.3) | 2.0 (2.0) | <.0001b | r = −.12c |
Problems with activities of daily living | 1.1 (1.2) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.6 (1.4) | 2.0 (3.0) | <.0001b | r = −.16c |
Problems with living conditions | 1.2 (1.4) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.0 (2.0) | .090b | r = −.03c |
Problems with occupation and activities | 1.6 (1.3) | 2.0 (3.0) | 1.8 (1.4) | 2.0 (3.0) | .0002b | r = −.06c |
Problems with psychotropic medication compliance (additional item) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.0 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.0 (3.0) | <.0001b | r = −.23d |
At least one psychiatric hospitalisation during the last 12 months, % (n) | 45.0 (1405) | 34.7 (666) | <.0001a | V = .10c | ||
At least one medical involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation during the last 12 months, % (n) | 13.9 (431) | 22.1 (424) | <.0001a | V = .11c | ||
At least one civil involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation during the last 12 months, % (n) | 1.1 (34) | 4.1 (79) | <.0001a | V = .10c | ||
Number of inpatient days during the last 12 months, Mean (SD) Mdn (IQR) | 20.0 (36.2) | 0.0 (26.8) | 16.4 (37.6) | 0.0 (14.9) | <.0001b | r = −.10c |