Skip to main content

Table 5 Crude and adjusted logistic regression of smoking status, with age, gender, marital status, income, depression (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), cannabis use and alcohol use (AUDIT-C) as explanatory variables

From: Comorbid tobacco and other substance use and symptoms of anxiety and depression among hospitalised orthopaedic trauma patients

  

Crude

Adjusteda

 

Smoker

n = 175 (%)

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Age

 

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

< 0.001

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)

0.067

Gender

  

< 0.001

 

0.012

 Female

46 (14.3%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Male

129 (26.8%)

2.20 (1.52, 3.20)

 

1.79 (1.14, 2.82)

 

Country of birth

  

0.044

 

0.673

 Other

19 (15.0%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Australian

156 (23.1%)

1.71 (1.01, 2.87)

 

1.13 (0.63, 2.03)

 

Education

  

< 0.001

 

0.002

 TAFE Trade/University

68 (16.2%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 High School 11–12

28 (22.2%)

1.47 (0.90, 2.42)

0.123

1.16 (0.65, 2.08)

0.606

 No Formal/Primary School/High School 7–10

79 (30.6%)

2.28 (1.57, 3.30)

< 0.001

2.20 (1.40, 3.45)

< 0.001

Marital status

  

< 0.001

 

0.045

 Married/Defacto

74 (16.0%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Single/Widowed/ Separated/Divorced

101 (29.8)

2.23 (1.59, 3.14)

 

1.52 (1.01, 2.30)

 

Household income

  

0.0051

 

0.186

 Over $100,000

10 (10.2%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 $51,000- $100,000

45 (20.7%)

2.30 (1.11, 4.79)

0.026

1.65 (0.73, 3.70)

0.228

 < $50,000

79 (27.5%)

3.34 (1.65, 6.75)

< 0.001

2.34 (1.03, 5.32)

0.043

 Prefer not to state

41 (20.7%)

2.30 (1.10, 4.81)

0.027

1.68 (0.73, 3.86)

0.220

Anxiety

  

0.003

 

0.263

 Negative

140 (20.2%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Positive

33 (33.3%)

1.98 (1.25, 3.13)

 

1.43 (0.76, 2.67)

 

Depression

  

0.008

 

0.680

 Below threshold

141 (20.4%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Above threshold

33 (32.0%)

1.84 (1.17, 2.89)

 

1.14 (0.61, 2.14)

 

Cannabis use

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 No

122 (17.0%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Yes

52 (67.5%)

10.18 (6.08, 17.04)

 

6.36 (3.55, 11.37)

 

Alcohol consumption

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 Non Drinker

26 (14.1%)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Non- hazardous drinker

25 (13.2%)

0.93 (0.51, 1.67)

0.800

0.93 (0.48, 1.80)

0.831

 Hazardous drinker

119 (29.4%)

2.54 (1.60, 4.06)

< 0.001

2.29 (1.34, 3.92)

0.003

  1. aAdjusted for age, gender, country of birth, education, marital status, household income, anxiety, depression, cannabis use, and alcohol consumption. This model also included ‘missing’ categories for the following variables: anxiety n = 2, depression n = 1, cannabis use n = 1, and alcohol consumption n = 5