Prevalence of mental disorders and epidemiological associations in post-conflict primary care attendees: a cross-sectional study in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka

Shannon Doherty; E. Hulland; B. Lopes-Cardozo; S. Kirupakaran; R. Surenthirakumaran; S. Cookson; C. Siriwardhana

doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2064-0

Table 3 Demographic, socioeconomic, health care utilization, conflict, and displacement related factors associated with mental health disorders, multivariable logistic regression models

From: Prevalence of mental disorders and epidemiological associations in post-conflict primary care attendees: a cross-sectional study in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka

Variable^a,b	Level	Anxiety (N = 463)		Depression (N = 422)		PTSD (N = 143)		Somatoform (N = 278)^d		Psychosis (N = 172)^e
Variable^a,b	Level	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value
Age Group	18 to 34	0.4 (0.1–1.6)	0.0035							0.4 (0.2–0.9)	0.0035
	35 to 49	1								1
	50 to 64	0.9 (0.5–1.7)								0.7 (0.4–1.1)
	65 +	0.6 (0.3–1.3)								0.5 (0.3–0.8)
Gender	Female	3.8 (1.7–8.5)	0.0011					2.2 (1.2–3.9)	0.0072
Gender	Male	1	0.0011					1	0.0072
Ethnicity	Muslim or Sinhala			0.1 (0.0–0.4)	0.0022	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.0231
Ethnicity	Tamil			1	0.0022	1	0.0231
Religion	Hindu			1	0.0372	1	0.0272
	Islam			6.7 (1.4–32.2)		8.3 (0.6–122.0)
	Christian or other			1.1 (0.7–1.7)		0.6 (0.4–1.1)
Employment Status	Employed	1	< 0.0001	1	< 0.0001	1	0.068	1	0.0017
	Unemployed/Off Sick/Disabled	3.3 (1.9–5.7)		4.2 (2.5–7.2)		0.8 (0.3–1.9)		2.8 (1.0–7.4)
	Student, Retired, Other	0.7 (0.3–1.5)		0.6 (0.2–2.1)		1.9 (1.1–3.3)		1.0 (0.3–3.0)
	Housewife / At Home	1.0 (0.5–2.0)		2.1 (1.4–3.2)		1.6 (0.6–4.0)		1.2 (0.6–2.2)
Education Level	No formal education, other education	2.4 (1.1–5.4)	0.0067	0.6 (0.2–2.1)	< 0.0001	1.9 (1.1–3.3)	0.0395	0.8 (0.3–1.8)	0.0123
	Grades 1-Grade 5	3.0 (1.5–5.8)		2.2 (1.3–3.7)		4.0 (1.4–11.3)		1.5 (0.9–2.8)
	Grades 6 through O/Ls (Grade 12)	1.9 (1.1–3.5)		2.6 (0.8–8.7)		2.3 (0.8–6.5)		1.9 (1.2–3.0)
	University or Higher	1		1		1		1
Household Size	1 to 3	1	< 0.0001
	4 to 5	0.9 (0.5–1.5)
	6 to 10	2.1 (1.2–3.8)
Born in Region?	No			1	0.0049	1	0.0136	1	0.0185
Born in Region?	Yes			0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.0049	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.0136	0.5 (0.3–0.9)	0.0185
Lived in Region for Conflict?	No									1	0.0451
Lived in Region for Conflict?	Yes									3.8 (1.0–14.0)	0.0451
Variable^a,b	Level	Anxiety (N = 463)		Depression (N = 422)		PTSD (N = 143)		Somatoform (N = 278)^d		Psychosis (N = 172)^e
Variable^a,b	Level	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value	aOR^c (95% CI)	p-value
Number of Times Displaced	Once					1	0.0952
Number of Times Displaced	More Than Once					1.7 (0.9–3.1)	0.0952
Did you return to your area of origin? If no, why not?	Home/Village Destroyed, Nowhere to go			1.6 (0.8–3.2)	0.0186
	Did not want to return to old home			1.6 (0.8–3.3)
	Government directed to a different location			2.7 (0.8–8.6)
	Did return to area of origin			1
Loss of family during conflict	No	1	0.0026	1	0.0029	1	0.0737	1	0.0095
Loss of family during conflict	Yes	1.7 (1.1–2.7)	0.0026	2.0 (1.3–3.0)	0.0029	1.5 (1.0–2.4)	0.0737	1.6 (1.1–2.2)	0.0095
Injury to family during conflict	No	1	0.0001	1	0.0485	1	0.0824	1	0.0005	1	< 0.0001
Injury to family during conflict	Yes	2.0 (1.4–2.9)	0.0001	1.9 (1.0–3.7)	0.0485	2.1 (0.9–4.7)	0.0824	2.3 (1.5–3.8)	0.0005	1.7 (1.3–2.2)	< 0.0001
Social Support Availability	Low	2.4 (1.2–4.8)	< 0.0001							1.8 (1.0–3.5)	0.0116
	Medium	1.0 (0.5–2.0)								0.9 (0.4–2.4)
	High	1								1
Social Support Adequacy	Low	2.1 (1.3–3.4)	< 0.0001	3.7 (2.6–5.2)	< 0.0001	8.9 (4.2–18.8)	< 0.0001	4.2 (2.3–7.4)	< 0.0001	1.9 (1.0–3.7)	0.0265
	Medium	2.7 (1.8–4.2)		3.0 (1.3–6.9)		7.1 (3.3–15.2)		3.6 (2.0–6.5)		2.4 (1.2–4.8)
	High	1		1		1		1		1
Social Network Adequacy	Inadequate	1.7 (1.3–2.3)	0.0007	1.9 (1.2–2.9)	0.0066	1.5 (1.0–2.4)	0.0796	1.9 (1.1–3.4)	0.0314
Social Network Adequacy	Adequate	1		1		1		1	0.0314
Saw MH specialist within past 3 months^f	No	1	0.0002	1	< 0.0001			1	< 0.0001	1	0.0145
Saw MH specialist within past 3 months^f	Yes	0.2 (0.1–0.5)		0.2 (0.1–0.4)				0.2 (0.1–0.4)		0.5 (0.2–0.9)
The care I received was not good	Disagree			1	0.0141
The care I received was not good	Agree			1.8 (1.1–2.8)
Hospital Type	District Hospital							1	0.0159
Hospital Type	Primary medical care unit							0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.0159
Days without food in the past month				1.2 (1.1–1.2)	< 0.0001			1.1 (1.1–1.2)	0.0002

^aEmpty cells in the table are due to lack of significance at the α = 0.1 level in the multivariable model for that disorder. ^b Bold face signifies significance at the α = 0.05 level
^caOR: adjusted Odds Ratio – the odds ratio obtained from the multivariable model. ^d Somatoform stands for somatoform symptoms.^e Psychosis refers to psychosis with hypomania. ^fMH: Mental Health; Values of “1” in the table represent the reference category for that variable

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