The effectiveness of virtual reality for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis

BMC Psychiatry

Table 3 Effect Sizes by Subgroup according to Study Characteristics

Subgroup	Categories	k	95%CI ES	+ 95%CI		p	SE
Dementia stage	Dementia	44	0.18	0.35	0.51	.000	0.07
	MCI	18	0.23	0.40	0.58	.000	0.08
	Dementia+ MCI	8	−0.18	0.03	0.25	.749	0.10
Institution	Community	61	0.21	0.33	0.45	.000	0.06
	Mixed	5	−0.28	0.07	0.43	.686	0.14
	Institution	4	−0.25	0.10	0.46	.575	0.18
Methodology type	Game	9	0.01	0.21	0.42	.047	0.10
Methodology type	Task	63	0.20	0.32	0.45	.000	0.06
Type of interaction technique	Semi	60	0.25	0.37	0.49	.000	0.05
Type of interaction technique	Full	10	−0.14	0.03	0.21	.684	0.09
Randomization	Yes	41	0.18	0.36	0.53	.000	0.08
	No	13	0.19	0.40	0.61	.000	0.44
	NA	16	−0.01	0.15	0.33	.065	0.08
Evaluation	Self-reported	29	0.10	0.31	0.52	.003	0.10
Evaluation	Observer	38	0.19	0.30	0.42	.000	0.05

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, ES effect size, k, number of effect size, SE standard error

ISSN: 1471-244X