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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants

From: Severity in sustained attention impairment and clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a retrospective study

 

Non-TRS

(Group 1)

TRS without CR

(Group 2)

TRS with CR

(Group 3)

3-Group comparisons†

Significant post hoc comparisons‡

Variables

(N = 102)

(N = 48)

(N = 54)

p

 
 

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

  

Age (years)

43.5

(8.6)

45.6

(9.0)

44.6

(8.9)

0.3762

 

Age of onset (years)

25.7

(7.4)

22.5

(7.6)

21.6

(5.9)

0.0017

1 > 2, 1 > 3

Education (years)

10.4

(3.2)

9.9

(3.0)

10.4

(2.7)

0.6187

 

Illness duration (years)

17.3

(8.8)

23.0

(7.9)

22.9

(8.3)

< 0.0001

1 < 2, 1 < 3

Number of hospitalizations

3.3

(2.9)

4.7

(3.2)

5.2

(3.8)

0.0012

1 < 2, 1 < 3

CGI-S

4.3

(1.3)

5.4

(0.8)

5.7

(0.7)

< 0.0001

1 < 2, 1 < 3

N

(%)

N

(%)

N

(%)

  

Male sex

57

(55.9)

27

(56.3)

30

(55.6)

0.9975

 

Early onset (onset age < 18 years)

10

(9.9)

15

(31.3)

15

(27.8)

0.0020

1 < 2, 1 < 3

Family history of schizophrenia

13

(12.8)

6

(12.5)

10

(18.5)

0.5722

 

Current habitual cigarette-smoker

49

(48.0)

22

(46.8)

15

(28.3)

0.0496

1 > 3

Current habitual alcohol user

8

(7.8)

0

(0)

1

(1.9)

0.0694

 
  1. TRS treatment-resistant schizophrenia, CR clozapine resistance, CGI-S Clinical Global Impression scale-Severity
  2. †ANOVA for quantitative variables; χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables
  3. ‡Tukey’s HSD test in ANOVA; a Tukey-type multiple comparison for proportions in a 2*3 cross-tabulation for categorical variables [43]