Typically developing control children (n = 37) | Children with FASD (n = 21) | Children with other neuro-developmental disorders (n = 28) | Statistical test | P-valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) – mean (SD) | 9.0 (1.0) | 9.7 (0.8) | 9.3 (1.0) | F = 3.63 | 0.505 |
Range | 7.2–11.3 | 7.9–11.0 | 7.3–10.7 | ||
Sex (male) – n (%) | 26 (70.3) | 11 (52.4) | 21 (75.0) | X = 3.03 | 0.220 |
Handedness (right) – n (%) | 32 (86.5) | 17 (81.0) | 28 (100.0) | X = 5.29 | 0.071 |
Ethnicity – n (%) | X = 24.09 | 0.020 | |||
Caucasian | 16 (43.2) | 15 (71.4) | 13 (46.4) | ||
African Canadian/Caribbean | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (14.3) | ||
Eastern European | 5 (13.5) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Western European | 11 (29.7) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (7.1) | ||
Chinese/South East Asian | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (17.9) | ||
South Asian/Other | 4 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (14.3) | ||
IQb – mean (SD) | 106.4 (12.9) | 87.2 (10.2) | 95.6 (14.1) | F = 16.18 | < 0.010c,d |
Range | 80–138 | 71–116 | 63–120 | ||
Height ≤ 10th percentile – n (%) | 1 (2.7) | 5 (23.8) | 3 (10.7) | X = 6.37 | 0.041 |
Weight ≤ 10th percentile – n (%) | 6 (16.2) | 4 (19.1) | 4 (14.3) | X = 0.20 | 0.905 |
OFC ≤10th percentile – n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (17.9) | X = 8.96 | 0.011 |
Right PFL 2SD below the mean – n (%) | 8 (21.6) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (39.3) | X = 4.63 | 0.099 |
Left PFL 2SD below the mean – n (%) | 9 (24.3) | 9 (42.9) | 9 (32.1) | X = 2.15 | 0.342 |
Smooth philtrum (4 or 5 on the Lip-Philtrum Guide) – n (%) | 12 (32.4) | 5 (23.8) | 9 (32.1) | X = 4.78 | 0.572 |
Thin vermillion border (4 or 5 on the Lip-Philtrum Guide) – n (%) | 8 (22.2) | 4 (19.1) | 3 (10.7) | X = 3.77 | 0.708 |
FASD diagnostic categorye – n (%) | |||||
FAS | 3 (14.3) | ||||
pFAS | 2 (9.5) | ||||
ARND | 16 (76.2) | ||||
Other neurodevelopmental disordersf – n (%) | |||||
ADHD | 5 (23.8) | 23 (82.1) | |||
ASD | 3 (14.3) | 6 (21.4) |