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Table 1 Demographic and descriptive characteristics of study participants

From: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: neurodevelopmentally and behaviorally indistinguishable from other neurodevelopmental disorders

 

Typically developing control children (n = 37)

Children with FASD (n = 21)

Children with other neuro-developmental disorders (n = 28)

Statistical test

P-valuea

Age (years) – mean (SD)

9.0 (1.0)

9.7 (0.8)

9.3 (1.0)

F = 3.63

0.505

 Range

7.2–11.3

7.9–11.0

7.3–10.7

  

Sex (male) – n (%)

26 (70.3)

11 (52.4)

21 (75.0)

X = 3.03

0.220

Handedness (right) – n (%)

32 (86.5)

17 (81.0)

28 (100.0)

X = 5.29

0.071

Ethnicity – n (%)

   

X = 24.09

0.020

 Caucasian

16 (43.2)

15 (71.4)

13 (46.4)

  

 African Canadian/Caribbean

0 (0.0)

1 (4.8)

4 (14.3)

  

 Eastern European

5 (13.5)

2 (9.5)

0 (0.0)

  

 Western European

11 (29.7)

3 (14.3)

2 (7.1)

  

 Chinese/South East Asian

1 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

5 (17.9)

  

 South Asian/Other

4 (10.8)

0 (0.0)

4 (14.3)

  

IQb – mean (SD)

106.4 (12.9)

87.2 (10.2)

95.6 (14.1)

F = 16.18

< 0.010c,d

 Range

80–138

71–116

63–120

  

Height ≤ 10th percentile – n (%)

1 (2.7)

5 (23.8)

3 (10.7)

X = 6.37

0.041

Weight ≤ 10th percentile – n (%)

6 (16.2)

4 (19.1)

4 (14.3)

X = 0.20

0.905

OFC ≤10th percentile – n (%)

0 (0.0)

5 (23.8)

5 (17.9)

X = 8.96

0.011

Right PFL 2SD below the mean – n (%)

8 (21.6)

10 (47.6)

11 (39.3)

X = 4.63

0.099

Left PFL 2SD below the mean – n (%)

9 (24.3)

9 (42.9)

9 (32.1)

X = 2.15

0.342

Smooth philtrum (4 or 5 on the Lip-Philtrum Guide) – n (%)

12 (32.4)

5 (23.8)

9 (32.1)

X = 4.78

0.572

Thin vermillion border (4 or 5 on the Lip-Philtrum Guide) – n (%)

8 (22.2)

4 (19.1)

3 (10.7)

X = 3.77

0.708

FASD diagnostic categorye – n (%)

 FAS

 

3 (14.3)

   

 pFAS

 

2 (9.5)

   

 ARND

 

16 (76.2)

   

Other neurodevelopmental disordersf – n (%)

 ADHD

 

5 (23.8)

23 (82.1)

  

 ASD

 

3 (14.3)

6 (21.4)

  
  1. ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ARND Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder, FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FASD Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, OFC Occipitofrontal Circumference, pFAS Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, PFL Palpebral Fissure Length, SD Standard Deviation
  2. ap-values are based on chi-square (for categorical variables) and Student’s unpaired t-test (for continuous variables). bWISC-IV: FSIQ-4. cChildren with FASD vs. Typically developing control children. dChildren with other neurodevelopmental disorders vs. Typically developing control children. eAs per the 2005 Canadian diagnostic guidelines [1]. fNot mutually exclusive