Table 1 Subjects’ characteristics by their depressive symptoms status according to the nine-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among elder population in China a
Characteristics | With depressive symptoms | Without depressive symptoms | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Age groups (years) | |||
60–64 | 1070 (33.5) | 1605 (37.2) | < 0.001 |
65–69 | 704 (22.1) | 989 (22.9) | |
70–74 | 547 (17.2) | 769 (17.8) | |
75–79 | 472 (14.80) | 530 (12.3) | |
80+ | 397 (12.5) | 422 (9.8) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 1627 (51.0) | 2427 (56.2) | < 0.001 |
Female | 1563 (49.0) | 1888 (43.8) | |
Residence | |||
Rural | 1316 (41.2) | 1208 (28.0) | < 0.001 |
Urban | 1874 (58.8) | 3107 (72.0) | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 2039 (63.9) | 3318 (76.9) | < 0.001 |
Widowed/divorced/ Unmarried | 1151 (36.1) | 997 (23.1) | |
Education level | |||
Never attended school | 816 (25.6) | 651 (15.1) | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 1268 (39.8) | 1411 (32.7) | |
Junior High school and above | 1106 (34.7) | 2253 (52.2) | |
Ethnicity | |||
Han | 2993 (93.8) | 4080 (94.6) | 0.19 |
Others | 197 (6.2) | 235 (5.4) | |
Living arrangement | |||
Live with others | 2661 (83.4) | 3921 (90.9) | < 0.001 |
Live alone | 529 (16.6) | 384 (9.1) | |
Physical disability | |||
No function problems | 2754 (86.3) | 4112 (95.3) | < 0.001 |
One and more functioning limitations | 436 (13.7) | 203 (4.7) | |
Wealth quantile | |||
Q1 (lowest) | 926 (29.0) | 692 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
Q2 | 718 (22.5) | 694 (16.1) | |
Q3 | 705 (22.1) | 1067 (24.7) | |
Q4 | 520 (16.3) | 1003 (23.2) | |
Q5 (highest) | 321 (10.1) | 859 (19.9) | |
Hypertension | |||
No | 2011 (63.0) | 2948 (68.3) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1179 (37.0) | 1367 (31.7) | |
Diabetes mellitus | |||
No | 2863 (89.7) | 3950 (91.5) | 0.009 |
Yes | 327 (10.3) | 365 (8.5) | |
Arthritis | |||
No | 2450 (76.8) | 3782 (87.7) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 740 (23.2) | 533 (12.3) | |
Cerebrovascular disease b | |||
No | 2842 (89.1) | 4058 (94.0) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 348 (10.9) | 257 (6.0) | |
Number of comorbid chronic disease | |||
0 | 553 (17.3) | 1467 (34.0) | < 0.001 |
1 | 917 (28.8) | 1307 (30.3) | |
≥ 2 | 1720 (53.9) | 1541 (35.7) | |