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Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios of depression by demographic, social, economic, health, nutrition, dietary intake variables (Model 7)

From: Depression in middle and older adulthood: the role of immigration, nutrition, and other determinants of health in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging

Variable (reference category)

Men

Women

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Demographic, Social, and Economic Characteristics

 Immigration status (Native-born Canadian)

  Immigrant < 20 years

1.22 (0.91, 1.64)

0.18

2.54 (1.93, 3.35)

< 0.001

  Immigrant ≥20 years

1.11 (0.95, 1.31)

0.20

1.19 (1.04, 1.37)

0.01

 Age (45–55 years)

  56–65 years

0.73 (0.63, 0.84)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.70, 0.90)

< 0.001

  66–75 years

0.47 (0.39, 0.57)

< 0.001

0.57 (0.49, 0.67)

< 0.001

  76–85 years

0.40 (0.31, 0.50)

< 0.001

0.56 (0.46, 0.69)

< 0.001

 Income (≥ $150,000 CAD)

   < $20,000

3.05 (2.26, 4.11)

< 0.001

3.19 (2.47, 4.13)

< 0.001

  $20,000-49,999

2.21 (1.79, 2.73)

< 0.001

2.31 (1.91, 2.81)

< 0.001

  $50,000-99,999

1.72 (1.44, 2.07)

< 0.001

1.62 (1.37, 1.92)

< 0.001

  $100,000-149,999

1.44 (1.19, 1.73)

< 0.001

1.23 (1.02, 1.48)

0.03

  Not answered

2.32 (1.73, 3.13)

< 0.001

2.39 (1.90, 3.01)

< 0.001

 Marital status (Single)

  Married/living with a partner/ common-law

0.62 (0.52, 0.75)

< 0.001

1.00 (0.85, 1.19

0.96

  Widowed/divorced/separated

0.94 (0.75, 1.16)

0.54

0.90 (0.76, 1.08)

0.27

 Education level (High school graduate and/or with some post-secondary)

  Less than secondary school

0.92 (0.70, 1.21)

0.54

1.23 (1.00, 1.52)

0.05

  Post-secondary degree/diploma

0.82 (0.70, 0.95)

0.01

0.99 (0.87, 1.12)

0.88

  Not answered

1.09 (0.30, 3.93)

0.90

0.41 (0.11, 1.55)

0.19

Physical Health

 Morbidities (No conditions)

  1 health condition

1.36 (1.13, 1.65)

< 0.001

1.27 (1.05, 1.53)

0.01

  2 health conditions

1.83 (1.51, 2.23)

< 0.001

2.18 (1.83, 2.61)

< 0.001

  3 health conditions

3.65 (3.03, 4.40)

< 0.001

3.01 (2.54, 3.57)

< 0.001

 Hypertension levels (Normal)

  Elevated

1.02 (0.81, 1.28)

0.88

1.07 (0.90, 1.27)

0.45

  Stage 1 hypertension

1.10 (0.94, 1.28)

0.23

1.31 (1.13, 1.51)

< 0.001

  Stage 2 hypertension

1.08 (0.89, 1.31)

0.46

1.09 (0.91, 1.30)

0.37

  Taking anti-hypertensive

0.92 (0.78, 1.08)

0.30

1.12 (0.98, 1.29)

0.10

 Chronic pain (No pain)

  Pain

1.86 (1.63, 2.13)

< 0.001

1.79 (1.60, 1.99)

< 0.001

  Refused

2.17 (0.88, 5.38)

0.09

1.35 (0.64, 2.88)

0.43

Health Behaviors

 Smoking ≥100 cigarettes (< 100)

1.17 (1.04, 1.32)

0.01

0.97 (0.88, 1.07)

0.56

 Binge drinking (No binge drinking)

  Regular binge drinking

1.03 (0.98, 1.20)

0.66

1.05 (0.91, 1.22)

0.51

  Occasional binge drinking

0.91 (0.79, 1.06)

0.22

0.98 (0.86, 1.11)

0.70

 Physical activity (Sometimes or often)

  Never or seldom

1.06 (0.87, 1.29)

0.59

1.14 (0.97, 1.35)

0.12

  No answer or refused

1.02 (0.36, 2.89)

0.98

0.97 (0.39, 2.44)

0.96

Nutrition Status Indicators

 BMI (Underweight: < 18.5)

  Normal weight: 18.5–24.99

0.58 (0.27, 1.24)

0.16

0.88 (0.55, 1.40)

0.59

  Overweight: 25–29.99

1.44 (0.28, 7.38)

0.66

0.66 (0.36, 1.19)

0.17

  Obese: 30 or above

0.89 (0.17, 4.76)

0.89

0.48 (0.22, 1.02)

0.06

 Waist-to-hip ratio (Low risk)

0.97 (0.79, 1.19)

0.78

0.94 (0.84, 1.06)

0.33

 Waist-to-height ratio (Below cut-off)

0.95 (0.81, 1.11)

0.51

1.14 (0.98, 1.32)

0.09

 Disease risk (Least risk)

  Increased

0.39 (0.09, 1.64)

0.20

1.32 (0.91, 1.91)

0.14

  High

0.41 (0.10, 1.79)

0.24

1.22 (0.80, 1.87)

0.35

  Very high

0.61 (0.13, 2.80)

0.53

1.55 (0.82, 2.94)

0.18

 Body fat percent (0–26%)

 26–31%

1.03 (0.89, 1.20)

0.70

0.87 (0.61, 1.24)

0.45

  31–36%

1.04 (0.85, 1.27)

0.70

0.79 (0.57, 1.10)

0.16

  36–41%

1.27 (0.89, 1.82)

0.19

0.86 (0.61, 1.20)

0.37

  41–59%

1.15 (0.73, 1.82)

0.54

0.87 (0.61, 1.23)

0.42

 Grip strength (No under-nutrition)

  Under-nutrition

1.25 (1.08, 1.43)

< 0.001

1.25 (1.07, 1.45)

< 0.001

  Not assessed

1.27 (1.00, 1.63)

0.05

1.08 (0.92, 1.28)

0.34

 Nutritional risk (Low risk)

  High risk

2.24 (1.98, 2.53)

< 0.001

2.24 (2.02, 2.49)

< 0.001

  Not assessed

1.18 (0.65, 2.14)

0.59

1.95 (1.17, 3.24)

0.01

 Skeletal Muscle Index (No sarcopenia)

  Sarcopenia

1.05 (0.80, 1.36)

0.74

0.43 (0.03, 6.33)

0.54

 T-scores (Normal bone density)

  Osteoporosis

0.63 (0.19, 2.06)

0.44

1.11 (0.91, 1.37)

0.30

  Osteopenia

0.98 (0.76, 1.26)

0.88

1.11 (0.98, 1.24)

0.09

 Screen for anemia (Negative)

  Positive

1.16 (0.92, 1.44)

0.20

1.01 (0.56, 1.82)

0.97

  No consent for blood work

1.05 (0.91, 1.23)

0.50

0.98 (0.86, 1.11)

0.72

Dietary Intakes

 Average daily intakes of fiber sources (0 to < 1)

   ≥ 1 to < 2

1.14 (1.00, 1.30)

0.05

0.93 (0.83, 1.03)

0.17

   ≥ 2 to < 3

1.04 (0.86, 1.24)

0.71

1.13 (0.97, 1.32)

0.11

   ≥ 3

1.47 (1.10, 1.95)

0.01

1.17 (0.90, 1.52)

0.25

 Average daily intakes of pulses and nuts (0 to < 0.5)

   ≥ 0.5 to < 1

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

0.48

0.98 (0.86, 1.12)

0.74

   ≥ 1 to < 2

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.41

1.04 (0.92, 1.16)

0.56

   ≥ 2

1.06 (0.83, 1.36)

0.65

0.91 (0.74, 1.13)

0.40

 Average daily intakes of fat sources (0 to < 2.5)

   ≥ 2.5 to < 4

0.83 (0.69, 1.00)

0.05

1.00 (0.84, 1.17)

0.96

   ≥ 4 to < 5

0.67 (0.54, 0.84)

< 0.001

0.91 (0.75, 1.10)

0.34

   ≥ 5

0.69 (0.54, 0.88)

< 0.001

0.99 (0.81, 1.22)

0.95

 Intakes of fish (Consumes)

1.32 (1.11, 1.57)

< 0.001

1.00 (0.85, 1.18)

0.98

 Intakes of omega-3 Egg (Consumes)

0.86 (0.76, 0.98)

0.02

1.02 (0.91, 1.14)

0.73

 Average daily intakes of fruits and vegetables (≥ 6)

  0 to < 2

0.92 (0.71, 1.19)

0.51

1.33 (1.09, 1.64)

0.01

   ≥ 2 to < 3

0.87 (0.69, 1.11)

0.28

1.04 (0.88, 1.24)

0.64

   ≥ 3 to < 4

0.74 (0.58, 0.94)

0.02

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

0.46

   ≥ 4 to < 6

0.71 (0.55, 0.91)

0.01

0.97 (0.83, 1.13)

0.71

 Average daily intakes of pure fruit juice (No consumption)

   ≤ 1 per day

1.01 (0.88, 1.15)

0.94

0.98 (0.89, 1.08)

0.67

   > 1 per day

1.05 (0.74, 1.49)

0.78

1.80 (1.24, 2.59)

< 0.001

 Average daily intakes of salty snacks (0)

  0 to ≤1

1.04 (0.88, 1.23)

0.63

1.19 (1.04, 1.36)

0.01

   > 1 day

2.31 (0.89, 5.96)

0.08

1.09 (0.41, 2.86)

0.86

 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with high vitamin D content (≥ 4)

  0 to < 1

0.72 (0.52, 1.02)

0.06

0.95 (0.70, 1.28)

0.74

   ≥ 1 to < 2

0.73 (0.53, 1.00)

0.05

0.96 (0.72, 1.26)

0.75

   ≥ 2 to < 4

0.95 (0.71, 1.28)

0.75

0.90 (0.69, 1.17)

0.42

 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with low vitamin D content (> 0)

  No consumption

1.02 (0.89, 1.17)

0.75

1.10 (0.95, 1.28)

0.19

 Average daily intakes of pastries (0)

   > 0 to ≤1

1.06 (0.87, 1.30)

0.55

0.99 (0.85, 1.16)

0.94

   > 1

0.90 (0.57, 1.44)

0.67

1.35 (0.93, 1.95)

0.12

 Average weekly intakes of chocolate bars (0)

   > 0 to ≤0.6

1.14 (1.01, 1.30)

0.04

1.15 (1.04, 1.28)

0.01

   > 0.6

1.72 (1.32, 2.25)

< 0.001

1.66 (1.35, 2.05)

< 0.001