Variable (reference category) | Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Demographic, Social, and Economic Characteristics | ||||
 Immigration status (Native-born Canadian) | ||||
  Immigrant < 20 years | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) | 0.18 | 2.54 (1.93, 3.35) | < 0.001 |
  Immigrant ≥20 years | 1.11 (0.95, 1.31) | 0.20 | 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) | 0.01 |
 Age (45–55 years) | ||||
  56–65 years | 0.73 (0.63, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) | < 0.001 |
  66–75 years | 0.47 (0.39, 0.57) | < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.49, 0.67) | < 0.001 |
  76–85 years | 0.40 (0.31, 0.50) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.46, 0.69) | < 0.001 |
 Income (≥ $150,000 CAD) | ||||
   < $20,000 | 3.05 (2.26, 4.11) | < 0.001 | 3.19 (2.47, 4.13) | < 0.001 |
  $20,000-49,999 | 2.21 (1.79, 2.73) | < 0.001 | 2.31 (1.91, 2.81) | < 0.001 |
  $50,000-99,999 | 1.72 (1.44, 2.07) | < 0.001 | 1.62 (1.37, 1.92) | < 0.001 |
  $100,000-149,999 | 1.44 (1.19, 1.73) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.02, 1.48) | 0.03 |
  Not answered | 2.32 (1.73, 3.13) | < 0.001 | 2.39 (1.90, 3.01) | < 0.001 |
 Marital status (Single) | ||||
  Married/living with a partner/ common-law | 0.62 (0.52, 0.75) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.19 | 0.96 |
  Widowed/divorced/separated | 0.94 (0.75, 1.16) | 0.54 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.27 |
 Education level (High school graduate and/or with some post-secondary) | ||||
  Less than secondary school | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 0.54 | 1.23 (1.00, 1.52) | 0.05 |
  Post-secondary degree/diploma | 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 0.88 |
  Not answered | 1.09 (0.30, 3.93) | 0.90 | 0.41 (0.11, 1.55) | 0.19 |
Physical Health | ||||
 Morbidities (No conditions) | ||||
  1 health condition | 1.36 (1.13, 1.65) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.05, 1.53) | 0.01 |
  2 health conditions | 1.83 (1.51, 2.23) | < 0.001 | 2.18 (1.83, 2.61) | < 0.001 |
  3 health conditions | 3.65 (3.03, 4.40) | < 0.001 | 3.01 (2.54, 3.57) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension levels (Normal) | ||||
  Elevated | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | 0.88 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | 0.45 |
  Stage 1 hypertension | 1.10 (0.94, 1.28) | 0.23 | 1.31 (1.13, 1.51) | < 0.001 |
  Stage 2 hypertension | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 0.46 | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 0.37 |
  Taking anti-hypertensive | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.30 | 1.12 (0.98, 1.29) | 0.10 |
 Chronic pain (No pain) | ||||
  Pain | 1.86 (1.63, 2.13) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.60, 1.99) | < 0.001 |
  Refused | 2.17 (0.88, 5.38) | 0.09 | 1.35 (0.64, 2.88) | 0.43 |
Health Behaviors | ||||
 Smoking ≥100 cigarettes (< 100) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.32) | 0.01 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.56 |
 Binge drinking (No binge drinking) | ||||
  Regular binge drinking | 1.03 (0.98, 1.20) | 0.66 | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | 0.51 |
  Occasional binge drinking | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.22 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) | 0.70 |
 Physical activity (Sometimes or often) | ||||
  Never or seldom | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | 0.59 | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 0.12 |
  No answer or refused | 1.02 (0.36, 2.89) | 0.98 | 0.97 (0.39, 2.44) | 0.96 |
Nutrition Status Indicators | ||||
 BMI (Underweight: < 18.5) | ||||
  Normal weight: 18.5–24.99 | 0.58 (0.27, 1.24) | 0.16 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.40) | 0.59 |
  Overweight: 25–29.99 | 1.44 (0.28, 7.38) | 0.66 | 0.66 (0.36, 1.19) | 0.17 |
  Obese: 30 or above | 0.89 (0.17, 4.76) | 0.89 | 0.48 (0.22, 1.02) | 0.06 |
 Waist-to-hip ratio (Low risk) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.78 | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.33 |
 Waist-to-height ratio (Below cut-off) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 0.51 | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 0.09 |
 Disease risk (Least risk) | ||||
  Increased | 0.39 (0.09, 1.64) | 0.20 | 1.32 (0.91, 1.91) | 0.14 |
  High | 0.41 (0.10, 1.79) | 0.24 | 1.22 (0.80, 1.87) | 0.35 |
  Very high | 0.61 (0.13, 2.80) | 0.53 | 1.55 (0.82, 2.94) | 0.18 |
 Body fat percent (0–26%) | ||||
 26–31% | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 0.70 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) | 0.45 |
  31–36% | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 0.70 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.10) | 0.16 |
  36–41% | 1.27 (0.89, 1.82) | 0.19 | 0.86 (0.61, 1.20) | 0.37 |
  41–59% | 1.15 (0.73, 1.82) | 0.54 | 0.87 (0.61, 1.23) | 0.42 |
 Grip strength (No under-nutrition) | ||||
  Under-nutrition | 1.25 (1.08, 1.43) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (1.07, 1.45) | < 0.001 |
  Not assessed | 1.27 (1.00, 1.63) | 0.05 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.28) | 0.34 |
 Nutritional risk (Low risk) | ||||
  High risk | 2.24 (1.98, 2.53) | < 0.001 | 2.24 (2.02, 2.49) | < 0.001 |
  Not assessed | 1.18 (0.65, 2.14) | 0.59 | 1.95 (1.17, 3.24) | 0.01 |
 Skeletal Muscle Index (No sarcopenia) | ||||
  Sarcopenia | 1.05 (0.80, 1.36) | 0.74 | 0.43 (0.03, 6.33) | 0.54 |
 T-scores (Normal bone density) | ||||
  Osteoporosis | 0.63 (0.19, 2.06) | 0.44 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.37) | 0.30 |
  Osteopenia | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 0.88 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.24) | 0.09 |
 Screen for anemia (Negative) | ||||
  Positive | 1.16 (0.92, 1.44) | 0.20 | 1.01 (0.56, 1.82) | 0.97 |
  No consent for blood work | 1.05 (0.91, 1.23) | 0.50 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) | 0.72 |
Dietary Intakes | ||||
 Average daily intakes of fiber sources (0 to < 1) | ||||
   ≥ 1 to < 2 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) | 0.05 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.17 |
   ≥ 2 to < 3 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.71 | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 0.11 |
   ≥ 3 | 1.47 (1.10, 1.95) | 0.01 | 1.17 (0.90, 1.52) | 0.25 |
 Average daily intakes of pulses and nuts (0 to < 0.5) | ||||
   ≥ 0.5 to < 1 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.48 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 0.74 |
   ≥ 1 to < 2 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 0.41 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.16) | 0.56 |
   ≥ 2 | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 0.65 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.13) | 0.40 |
 Average daily intakes of fat sources (0 to < 2.5) | ||||
   ≥ 2.5 to < 4 | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) | 0.05 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.96 |
   ≥ 4 to < 5 | 0.67 (0.54, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.34 |
   ≥ 5 | 0.69 (0.54, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.22) | 0.95 |
 Intakes of fish (Consumes) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.57) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.98 |
 Intakes of omega-3 Egg (Consumes) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.02 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.73 |
 Average daily intakes of fruits and vegetables (≥ 6) | ||||
  0 to < 2 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.19) | 0.51 | 1.33 (1.09, 1.64) | 0.01 |
   ≥ 2 to < 3 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.28 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.64 |
   ≥ 3 to < 4 | 0.74 (0.58, 0.94) | 0.02 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 0.46 |
   ≥ 4 to < 6 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 0.01 | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.71 |
 Average daily intakes of pure fruit juice (No consumption) | ||||
   ≤ 1 per day | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.94 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.67 |
   > 1 per day | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) | 0.78 | 1.80 (1.24, 2.59) | < 0.001 |
 Average daily intakes of salty snacks (0) | ||||
  0 to ≤1 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.63 | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) | 0.01 |
   > 1 day | 2.31 (0.89, 5.96) | 0.08 | 1.09 (0.41, 2.86) | 0.86 |
 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with high vitamin D content (≥ 4) | ||||
  0 to < 1 | 0.72 (0.52, 1.02) | 0.06 | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.74 |
   ≥ 1 to < 2 | 0.73 (0.53, 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.75 |
   ≥ 2 to < 4 | 0.95 (0.71, 1.28) | 0.75 | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) | 0.42 |
 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with low vitamin D content (> 0) | ||||
  No consumption | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.75 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) | 0.19 |
 Average daily intakes of pastries (0) | ||||
   > 0 to ≤1 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) | 0.55 | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.94 |
   > 1 | 0.90 (0.57, 1.44) | 0.67 | 1.35 (0.93, 1.95) | 0.12 |
 Average weekly intakes of chocolate bars (0) | ||||
   > 0 to ≤0.6 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.30) | 0.04 | 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) | 0.01 |
   > 0.6 | 1.72 (1.32, 2.25) | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.35, 2.05) | < 0.001 |