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Table 3 Impact of the Intervention on Outcome Measures at Three Time-points (Group × Time) test (N = 72)

From: Efficacy of path-oriented psychological self-help interventions to improve mental health of empty-nest older adults in the Community of China

Outcome measures

Time (T)

Group

ANOVA: F

 

Invention Group(G1) M ± SD

Wait List Control Group(G2) M ± SD

Group

Time

Group×Time

Primary outcome

Mental-Health status, mean (SD)

T0

143.46 ± 6.22

144.80 ± 4.89

3.647

126.78**

121.54**

T1

149.28 ± 6.19

145.57 ± 4.88

   

T2

150.69 ± 5.59

145.78 ± 4.87

   

Secondary outcomes

Positive coping style, mean (SD)

T0

21.11 ± 2.65

21.03 ± 2.64

4.99*

44.967**

27.537**

T1

23.64 ± 2.53

21.83 ± 3.10

   

T2

23.78 ± 2.51

21.61 ± 3.01

   

Negative coping style, mean (SD)

T0

12.36 ± 3.80

11.58 ± 2.73

5.29*

125.14**

115.51**

T1

8.67 ± 3.05

10.89 ± 2.91

   

T2

8.03 ± 2.47

11.03 ± 2.76

   

psychological self-help ability, mean (SD)

T0

45.28 ± 5.27

45.00 ± 4.71

3.94

93.87**

49.49**

T1

48.69 ± 5.00

45.61 ± 4.39

   

T2

49.44 ± 4.93

45.69 ± 4.59

   
  1. Notes: T0, baseline; T1, post-intervention at 1 month (directly after the intervention); T2, 3-month follow-up (4 months after baseline); ANOVA, Analysis of variance; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01