From: Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among adults living with HIV in rural Kilifi, Kenya
Sample Characteristic | Total sample | Positive depression screen | Unadjusted ORs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes* | ORs (95% CI) | p-value # | ||
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
 Age – years, mean (SD) | 42.7 (9.7) | 42.9 (9.8) | 41.6 (9.4) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.34 |
Sex | |||||
 Female | 356 (79.1) | 304 (78.4) | 52 (83.9) | Ref |  |
 Male | 94 (20.9) | 84 (21.7) | 10 (16.1) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.43) | 0.32 |
Marital status | |||||
 Married/cohabiting | 196 (43.6) | 177 (45.6) | 19 (30.7) | Ref |  |
 Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 197 (43.8) | 160 (41.2) | 37 (59.7) | 2.15 (1.19, 3.90) | 0.01 |
 Never married | 57 (12.7) | 51 (13.1) | 6 (9.7) | 1.10 (0.42, 2.89) | 0.85 |
Education | |||||
 Tertiary | 22 (4.9) | 21 (5.4) | 1 (1.6) | Ref |  |
 Secondary | 66 (14.7) | 55 (14.2) | 11 (17.7) | 4.20 (0.51, 34.57) | 0.18 |
 Primary | 239 (53.1) | 208 (53.6) | 31 (50.0) | 3.13 (0.41, 24.10) | 0.27 |
 None | 123 (27.3) | 104 (26.8) | 19 (30.7) | 3.84 (0.49, 30.25) | 0.20 |
Employment | |||||
 Formally employed | 53 (11.8) | 47 (12.1) | 6 (9.7) | Ref |  |
 Self-employed | 117 (26.0) | 101 (26.0) | 16 (25.8) | 1.24 (0.46, 3.37) | 0.67 |
 Other | 11 (2.4) | 10 (2.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0.78 (0.08, 7.24) | 0.83 |
 Unemployed (including students) | 269 (59.8) | 230 (59.3) | 39 (62.9) | 1.33 (0.53, 3.32) | 0.54 |
Currently living with | |||||
 Family | 371 (82.4) | 320 (82.5) | 51 (82.3) | Ref |  |
 Relative/friend | 10 (2.2) | 7 (1.8) | 3 (4.8) | 2.69 (0.67, 10.74) | 0.16 |
 Alone | 69 (15.3) | 61 (15.7) | 8 (12.9) | 0.82 (0.37, 1.82) | 0.63 |
Asset index score a – mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.27 |
Perceived HIV-stigma score b – mean (SD) | 28.4 (7.7) | 27.7 (7.4) | 32.9 (8.0) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | < 0.001 |
Health characteristics | |||||
Currently smoking, OM = 1 | |||||
 No | 405 (90.2) | 351 (90.7) | 54 (87.1) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 44 (9.8) | 36 (9.3) | 8 (12.9) | 1.44 (0.64, 3.27) | 0.38 |
Current use of khat | |||||
 No | 430 (95.6) | 369 (95.1) | 61 (98.4) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 20 (4.4) | 19 (4.9) | 1 (1.6) | 0.32 (0.04, 2.42) | 0.27 |
Current alcohol use, OM = 1 | |||||
 No | 398 (88.6) | 346 (89.4) | 52 (83.9) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 51 (11.4) | 41 (10.6) | 10 (16.1) | 1.62 (0.77, 3.44) | 0.21 |
Any current chronic illness | |||||
 No | 413 (91.8) | 363 (93.6) | 50 (80.7) | Ref |  |
 Yes $ | 37 (8.2) | 25 (6.4) | 12 (19.4) | 3.48 (1.65, 7.37) | < 0.001 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||
BMI – kg/m2, mean (SD), OM = 4 | 22.4 (4.8) | 22.5 (4.8) | 21.5 (4.6) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.11 |
cART regimen, OM = 4 | |||||
 First line | 425 (95.3) | 372 (96.6) | 53 (86.9) | Ref |  |
 Second line 1 | 21 (4.7) | 13 (3.4) | 8 (13.1) | 4.32 (1.71, 10.91) | < 0.001 |
Viral load, OM = 145 | |||||
  ≤ 1000 copies/mL | 265 (86.9) | 232 (87.9) | 33 (80.5) | Ref |  |
  > 1000 copies/mL | 40 (13.1) | 32 (12.1) | 8 (19.5) | 1.76 (0.75, 4.14) | 0.20 |
WHO clinical stage, OM = 5 | |||||
 Stage 1 | 417 (93.7) | 360 (93.8) | 57 (93.4) | Ref |  |
 Stage 2 | 22 (4.9) | 18 (4.7) | 4 (6.6) | 1.40 (0.46, 4.30) | 0.55 |
 Stage 3 | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
 Stage 4 | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
Months since HIV diagnosis – mean (SD) | 96.8 (50.2) | 95.4 (50.7) | 105.5 (46.1) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.14 |
Months since cART initiation – mean (SD) | 81.9 (47.1) | 81.1 (47.4) | 86.7 (45.2) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.38 |
Treatment characteristics | |||||
HIV status disclosure | |||||
 Yes | 423 (94.0) | 364 (93.8) | 59 (95.2) | Ref |  |
 No | 27 (6.0) | 24 (6.2) | 3 (4.8) | 0.77 (0.23, 2.64) | 0.68 |
Any current opportunistic infection | |||||
 No | 367 (81.6) | 323 (83.2) | 44 (71.0) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 83 (18.4) | 65 (16.8) | 18 (29.0) | 2.03 (1.10, 3.74) | 0.02 |
Clinic accessibility, OM = 2 | |||||
 Yes | 386 (86.2) | 340 (88.1) | 46 (74.2) | Ref |  |
 No | 62 (13.8) | 46 (11.9) | 16 (25.8) | 2.57 (1.35, 4.91) | < 0.001 |
Satisfaction with current care, OM = 1 | |||||
 Yes | 430 (95.8) | 371 (95.9) | 59 (95.2) | Ref |  |
 No | 19 (4.2) | 16 (4.1) | 3 (4.8) | 1.18 (0.33, 4.17) | 0.80 |