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Table 1 Participant characteristics by depressive symptoms and associated crude odd ratios

From: Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among adults living with HIV in rural Kilifi, Kenya

Sample Characteristic

Total sample

Positive depression screen

Unadjusted ORs

No

Yes*

ORs (95% CI)

p-value #

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Age – years, mean (SD)

42.7 (9.7)

42.9 (9.8)

41.6 (9.4)

0.99 (0.96, 1.01)

0.34

Sex

 Female

356 (79.1)

304 (78.4)

52 (83.9)

Ref

 

 Male

94 (20.9)

84 (21.7)

10 (16.1)

0.70 (0.34, 1.43)

0.32

Marital status

 Married/cohabiting

196 (43.6)

177 (45.6)

19 (30.7)

Ref

 

 Separated/Divorced/Widowed

197 (43.8)

160 (41.2)

37 (59.7)

2.15 (1.19, 3.90)

0.01

 Never married

57 (12.7)

51 (13.1)

6 (9.7)

1.10 (0.42, 2.89)

0.85

Education

 Tertiary

22 (4.9)

21 (5.4)

1 (1.6)

Ref

 

 Secondary

66 (14.7)

55 (14.2)

11 (17.7)

4.20 (0.51, 34.57)

0.18

 Primary

239 (53.1)

208 (53.6)

31 (50.0)

3.13 (0.41, 24.10)

0.27

 None

123 (27.3)

104 (26.8)

19 (30.7)

3.84 (0.49, 30.25)

0.20

Employment

 Formally employed

53 (11.8)

47 (12.1)

6 (9.7)

Ref

 

 Self-employed

117 (26.0)

101 (26.0)

16 (25.8)

1.24 (0.46, 3.37)

0.67

 Other

11 (2.4)

10 (2.6)

1 (1.6)

0.78 (0.08, 7.24)

0.83

 Unemployed (including students)

269 (59.8)

230 (59.3)

39 (62.9)

1.33 (0.53, 3.32)

0.54

Currently living with

 Family

371 (82.4)

320 (82.5)

51 (82.3)

Ref

 

 Relative/friend

10 (2.2)

7 (1.8)

3 (4.8)

2.69 (0.67, 10.74)

0.16

 Alone

69 (15.3)

61 (15.7)

8 (12.9)

0.82 (0.37, 1.82)

0.63

Asset index score a – mean (SD)

1.2 (1.4)

1.3 (1.4)

1.1 (1.2)

0.89 (0.72, 1.10)

0.27

Perceived HIV-stigma score b – mean (SD)

28.4 (7.7)

27.7 (7.4)

32.9 (8.0)

1.09 (1.05, 1.13)

< 0.001

Health characteristics

Currently smoking, OM = 1

 No

405 (90.2)

351 (90.7)

54 (87.1)

Ref

 

 Yes

44 (9.8)

36 (9.3)

8 (12.9)

1.44 (0.64, 3.27)

0.38

Current use of khat

 No

430 (95.6)

369 (95.1)

61 (98.4)

Ref

 

 Yes

20 (4.4)

19 (4.9)

1 (1.6)

0.32 (0.04, 2.42)

0.27

Current alcohol use, OM = 1

 No

398 (88.6)

346 (89.4)

52 (83.9)

Ref

 

 Yes

51 (11.4)

41 (10.6)

10 (16.1)

1.62 (0.77, 3.44)

0.21

Any current chronic illness

 No

413 (91.8)

363 (93.6)

50 (80.7)

Ref

 

 Yes $

37 (8.2)

25 (6.4)

12 (19.4)

3.48 (1.65, 7.37)

< 0.001

Clinical characteristics

BMI – kg/m2, mean (SD), OM = 4

22.4 (4.8)

22.5 (4.8)

21.5 (4.6)

0.95 (0.89, 1.01)

0.11

cART regimen, OM = 4

 First line

425 (95.3)

372 (96.6)

53 (86.9)

Ref

 

 Second line 1

21 (4.7)

13 (3.4)

8 (13.1)

4.32 (1.71, 10.91)

< 0.001

Viral load, OM = 145

  ≤ 1000 copies/mL

265 (86.9)

232 (87.9)

33 (80.5)

Ref

 

  > 1000 copies/mL

40 (13.1)

32 (12.1)

8 (19.5)

1.76 (0.75, 4.14)

0.20

WHO clinical stage, OM = 5

 Stage 1

417 (93.7)

360 (93.8)

57 (93.4)

Ref

 

 Stage 2

22 (4.9)

18 (4.7)

4 (6.6)

1.40 (0.46, 4.30)

0.55

 Stage 3

3 (0.7)

3 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

–

–

 Stage 4

3 (0.7)

3 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

–

–

Months since HIV diagnosis – mean (SD)

96.8 (50.2)

95.4 (50.7)

105.5 (46.1)

1.00 (1.00, 1.01)

0.14

Months since cART initiation – mean (SD)

81.9 (47.1)

81.1 (47.4)

86.7 (45.2)

1.00 (1.00, 1.01)

0.38

Treatment characteristics

HIV status disclosure

 Yes

423 (94.0)

364 (93.8)

59 (95.2)

Ref

 

 No

27 (6.0)

24 (6.2)

3 (4.8)

0.77 (0.23, 2.64)

0.68

Any current opportunistic infection

 No

367 (81.6)

323 (83.2)

44 (71.0)

Ref

 

 Yes

83 (18.4)

65 (16.8)

18 (29.0)

2.03 (1.10, 3.74)

0.02

Clinic accessibility, OM = 2

 Yes

386 (86.2)

340 (88.1)

46 (74.2)

Ref

 

 No

62 (13.8)

46 (11.9)

16 (25.8)

2.57 (1.35, 4.91)

< 0.001

Satisfaction with current care, OM = 1

 Yes

430 (95.8)

371 (95.9)

59 (95.2)

Ref

 

 No

19 (4.2)

16 (4.1)

3 (4.8)

1.18 (0.33, 4.17)

0.80

  1. Notes: * cut-off score ≥ 10 on PHQ-9 # based on the Wald’s test $ one or more chronic illness in addition to HIV. Hypertension (54.1%), diabetes and cancer (8.1% each), kidney disease (2.7%), others (27.0%). 1 - all the participants were initially started on first line cART but at the time of data collection, the regimen had changed to second line. ORs odd ratios, SD standard deviation, Ref reference category, OM observation with missing value, a score range = 0 to 7, b score range = 12 to 48, WHO world health organization, cART combination antiretroviral therapy, BMI body mass indexNotes: *cut-off score ≥ 10 on PHQ-9 # based on the Wald’s test $ one or more chronic illness in addition to HIV. Hypertension (54.1%), diabetes and cancer (8.1% each), kidney disease (2.7%), others (27.0%). 1 - all the participants were initially started on first line cART but at the time of data collection, the regimen had changed to second line. ORs odd ratios, SD standard deviation, Ref reference category, OM observation with missing value, a score range = 0 to 7, b score range = 12 to 48, WHO world health organization, cART combination antiretroviral therapy, BMI body mass index