Table 1 Moral cognitions and sample associated affects, delusions, hallucinations and moral acts
Moral cognition | Possible affect/ sentiment | Potential delusions or hallucinations [51] | Example moral acts | Instrumental vs reactive violence | Sample object of Violence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Care – Harm | Compassion Fear Sadness Shame/ Guilt Anger | Grandiose delusions Religious delusions Delusions of guilt *Nihilistic delusions | Mercy killings Altruistic killings Extended suicide Filicide | Primarily instrumental | Children, family members Doctors facilitating abortion |
Fairness – Injustice | Anger Fear | Persecutory delusions Delusions of Reference *Mocking voices | Self-defence Revenge violence Spree killings Manslaughter | Primarily reactive | Acquaintances Agencies (e.g. police, schools, etc.) |
Ingroup Loyalty – Betrayal | Shame Anger | Delusions of jealousy *Persecution by family *Delusions of misidentification | Crimes of passion Honour killings Patricide Matricide Uxoricide | Primarily reactive | Family members Female partners |
Authority – Defiance | Elation/ Happiness Excitement Anger | Delusions of control Mind reading Though insertion Thought broadcasting *Grandiose delusions *Religious delusions *Command hallucinations | Punishments Stranger homicide | Primarily instrumental | Subversives People of perceived lower status |
Purity – Degradation | Disgust Anger | Somatic delusions Visual, olfactory, and somatic hallucinations *Critical voices * Religious delusions | Honour killings Punishments Uxoricide Stranger homicide | Primarily instrumental | Paedophiles Hedonists Anti-environmentalists |